Annual surveys by WWFMongoliaand the Mongolian Academy of Sciencesestimated the total Mongolian population to consistof 2,950 individuals in 1998, rising to 5,240 in 2000(Dulamtseren and Amgalan, 2003). This species existsin two isolated populations in Mongolia, and in 2001, the Sharga population was estimatedto consist of 1,600-3,000 individuals, and the Mankhan population was estimated to contain35 individuals (Mallon and Kingswood, 2001). The total Mongolian population declined toapproximately 1,020 individuals in 2002, 750 individuals in 2003, and 800 individuals in 2004(WWF, 2004; Zahler et al., 2004). The most recent population assessment was conducted in2005, estimating the total Mongolian population to consist of 1,500 individuals (L. Amgalan,pers. comm.). Generation length has been estimated as fi ve years based on data from Nowak(1991). This species qualifi es as Endangered under Criterion A2acde based on observeddeclines of greater then 50% over the past three generations, due to severe weather conditions,habitat degradation, competition for resources, and exploitation (the latter occurring at lowlevels). Although this decline may have been driven partly by changing environmentalconditions and natural population fl uctuations, additional impacts of overgrazing and huntingare known to have contributed to this decline. The assessment remains unchanged followingapplication of regional criteria as there is no signifi cant immigration from adjacent countries.