Taxon name
Cephalopholis hemistiktos
(Rüppell, 1830)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Cephalopholis hemistiktos
(Rüppell, 1830)
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Fishes
Species authority
(Rüppell, 1830)
Taxonomic notes and synonyms listed
Recent genetic and demographic evidence suggests that the population of Cephalopholis hemistiktos in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden may be a distinct species from the population in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Priest et al. 2016).
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
United Arab Emirates (the)
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
United Arab Emirates (the)
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Critically Endangered
Qualifying criteria (if given)
A2bcd+4bcd
Criteria system used
IUCN
(see Assessment details)
Assessment rationale/justification
This reef-associated species occurs throughout UAE waters. It is a long-lived species (26 years) that reaches sexual maturity late in life (13 years), and the generation length is estimated at about 17 years. A stock assessment conducted in 2013 in the Gulf considered this species overexploited. It was common in UAE fish markets from 1980s until about 1995, but declined thereafter. Despite fishing effort remaining at a stable level, catch of this species has remained very low to the present day. Effort is likely to increase for this species, especially as larger grouper species, such as Epinephelus coioides, continue to be depleted in this region. In addition, due to severe declines in Gulf coral reefs, this species may also be impacted by habitat degradation. Based on fish market observations, scientific survey data and catch data, it is inferred that this species has declined by at least 50% and likely more than 80% in the UAE since about 1995, or over the past one and a half generation lengths (29 years). Fishing effort is expected to remain the same or increase in the future time period over the next one and a half generations. The status of population(s) outside the UAE is not well-understood, though it is also heavily exploited elsewhere, especially off Oman and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it is listed as Critically Endangered A2bcd+4bcd. Improvements in fisheries management are needed.
Assessment details
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Criteria system used
IUCN
Reference for methods given
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
This species occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it has a disjunct distribution in the northwestern Indian Ocean, with one subpopulation in the Red Sea to Socotra Island (Yemen) and northern Somalia, and the second subpopulation in northern Oman (Sea of Oman), the Arabian Gulf and Pakistan. Recent research suggests these may represent two distinct species (Priest et al. 2016); however, until a formal description is published, both subpopulations are treated as one species. Its depth range is 2 to 55 metres.
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This species inhabits coral reefs and adjacent areas (Carpenter et al. 1997a). In the Red Sea, it is more often found on patchy open reef areas rather than on well-developed coral reefs. In Oman, it is abundant, but patchily distributed on shallow coastal reefs and rocky reef substrata (J. McIlwain pers. comm. 2015). Its maximum total length is 35 cm. It is a diurnal, ambush predator that feeds throughout the day on fishes and crustaceans (Craig et al. 2011). This is a monogamous species and pairs jointly defend a territory of up to 62 m'² (Shpigel and Fishelson 1991). Spawning occurs off Abu Dhabi from July to November and the mean age and total length at first sexual maturity for femalesis 13 years and 25.3 cm (Grandcourt et al. 2013). These data are not available for the Red Sea population. Longevity is at least 28 years in Oman, 24 years in the Red Sea (Priest et al. 2016) and 20 years in the Arabian Gulf (Grandcourt et al. 2013). We utilized the following data to estimate the generation length: natural mortality of 0.21 year<sup>-1</sup> and age at first maturity of 13 years (Grandcourt et al. 2013). The generation length equation (1/natural mortality) + age at first reproduction), estimates the generation length as 17.8 years, with three generation lengths being 53.4 years. However, this may be modified if the age at first maturity is found to be an overestimate.
Threats and conservation measures listed
Threats listed in assessment
Overexploitation is a major threat. In addition, corals in the UAE and Arabian Gulf have severely declined due to the increasing frequency of mass bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures, which is a consequence of climate change, as well as pervasive coastal development (Riegl et al. 2018, Burt et al. 2019).
Publication
Ralph, G.M., Stump, E., Linardich, C., Bullock, R.W., Carpenter, K.E., Allen D.J., Hilton-Taylor, C., Al Mheiri, R., and Alshamsi, O. 2021. UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes. 2021. Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
