Taxon name
Galeocerdo cuvier
(Péron & Lesueur, 1822)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Galeocerdo cuvier
(Péron & Lesueur, 1822)
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Fishes
Species authority
(Péron & Lesueur, 1822)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
United Arab Emirates (the)
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
United Arab Emirates (the)
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Critically Endangered
Qualifying criteria (if given)
A2bcd
Criteria system used
IUCN
(see Assessment details)
Assessment rationale/justification
The Tiger Shark occurs throughout UAE waters. In the UAE, this species has historically been impacted by both targeted fishing and by-catch as well as habitat degradation and loss from coastal development. Catch in the UAE has declined by about 90% over the past three generation lengths. A series of conservation measures have been put in place to reduce shark fishing effort in UAE waters since 2008. It is apparently highly migratory, and has slow life history characteristics including low fecundity and a low annual rate of population increase. Considering this, the species has a low capacity to recover from even moderate levels of exploitation. It is especially susceptible to exploitation (target and bycatch) in many largely unregulated gill net, longline and trawl fisheries that operate within its range outside and surrounding UAE waters. Elsewhere in the Arabian Sea region, this species has also experienced documented declines (e.g., Iran, the Red Sea, Yemen, Pakistan and India). Some management measures are now in place in the Arabian Sea region, although domestic fisheries are likely to continue. Based on fish market surveys, fisher interviews, recorded levels of exploitation and decline in habitat quality, it is suspected to have declined by at least 80% over the past three generation lengths, or about 52 years. It is listed as Critically Endangered A2bcd. Monitoring of the species population trend moving forward should be a priority.
Assessment details
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Criteria system used
IUCN
Reference for methods given
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Tiger Shark occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it is widespread in tropical waters (Last and Stevens 2009).
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The Tiger Shark inhabits reef and slope habitats, is sometimes associated with coral reefs, and occasionally makes longer-distance excursions into the pelagic zone. It regularly dives to depths greater than 1000 m and has been noted to move hundreds to thousands of kilometres (Holmes et al. 2014, Werry et al. 2014). It attains a maximum size of at least 550 cm total length (TL). In the north-west Hawaiian Islands, Tiger Sharks with a precaudal length of 200 cm were estimated to be about five years old and one of 300 cm was about 15 years old (De Crosta et al. 1984). Branstetter et al. (1987) estimated that initial growth was very fast, but that the rate of growth of very large animals is 5-10 cm year<sup>-1</sup>; thus, individuals of 400-450 cm TL would be 20-25 years of age. Branstetter et al. (1987) reported a maximum age of 45-50 years. Smith et al. (1998) estimated the intrinsic rate of increase of a tiger shark population at MSY to be 0.043 year<sup>-1</sup>. Randall (1992) summarised that the size at maturity of males is 226-290 cm TL and females 250-350 cm TL.The Tiger Shark is the only species in the Carcharhinidae family that is lecithotrophic viviparous. Litter sizes are large, with between 10-82 embryos reported from a single female. Mean litter sizes of 30-35 have been reported (Tester 1969, Bass et al. 1975, Simpfendorfer 1992). The size at birth is 51-90 cm TL (Randall 1992, Simpfendorfer 1992). Clark and von Schmidt (1965) reported the gestation period as 13-16 months. There have been few other estimates of gestation period. Mating is reported to take place in the Northern Hemisphere in spring, with pupping the following spring to summer. Mating occurs before full-term females have given birth to young, indicating that litters are produced every two years or less. Based on data from the North West Atlantic, generation length is estimated at 17.5 years (Natanson et al. 1999).
Threats and conservation measures listed
Threats listed in assessment
In the UAE, this species has historically been impacted by both targeted fishing and by-catch, habitat degradation and loss from coastal development. Finning has been banned in the UAE, yet surveys indicate that some trade in the fins and meat of this species still occurs. Sharks are impacted by high levels of largely unmanaged and unreported mortality in target (for fins and their valuable meat) and bycatch fisheries. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010). Corals in the UAE and Arabian Gulf have severely declined due to the increasing frequency of mass bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures, which is a consequence of climate change, as well as pervasive coastal development (Riegl et al. 2018, Burt et al. 2019).
Publication
Ralph, G.M., Stump, E., Linardich, C., Bullock, R.W., Carpenter, K.E., Allen D.J., Hilton-Taylor, C., Al Mheiri, R., and Alshamsi, O. 2021. UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes. 2021. Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.