This pelagic and oceanodromous species occurs from near the edge of the continental shelf to shallow coastal waters, often of low salinity and high turbidity. Juveniles inhabit estuaries and nearshore habitats. It is also found in drop-offs, and shallow or gently sloping reef and lagoon waters, and is more frequently caught in waters shallower than 100 m depth (Collette 2001). It undertakes lengthy long-shore migrations, but permanent resident populations also seem to exist. It occurs in small schools and primarily consumes small fishes like anchovies, clupeids and carangids, but also squid and penaeid shrimps. It spawns off reef slopes and edges, and forms spawning aggregations in specific areas. Depending on temperature regime, the spawning season may be more or less extended. Off Iran, spawning occurs mostly from June to September (Darvishi et al. 2011) and in May and June off Oman (Claereboudt et al. 2005). It possibly migrates from Omani waters to the Iranian coast in the Gulf during spawning season (Claereboudt et al. 2005, Darvishi et al. 2011). It has an age at first maturity of about 2 years (Devaraj 1981, Mackie et al. 2003, Claereboudt et al. 2005, Grandcourt et al. 2005). In north Queensland, Australia the oldest male was 10 years at 127 cm and the oldest female was 14 years and 155 cm. This species may live up to 15 years (IOTC 2006), 16 years (Grandcourt et al. 2005), and maybe as long as 22 years (Mackie et al. 2003). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 16 years, its estimated generation length is 9 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.