The Reticulate Whipray is often found near sandy beaches, in sandy areas of coral reefs, in shallow estuaries and lagoons, and may even enter freshwater (Vaudo and Heithaus 2009, Gutteridge 2012). This species also occurs offshore to depths of at least 50 m (White et al. 2006). Tracking data for the Reticulate Whipray suggests that within sandy, shallow water areas, the species is a highly resident mesopredator, though the home range for individuals can be relatively restricted (Vaudo and Heithaus 2012). Himanura species exhibit a strong association with shallow waters of the western region where complex habitats such as coral assemblages and seagrass beds are most prevalent (Last et al. 2016 Rays of the World book). Its reproductive mode is viviparous with histotrophy. This species reaches 160 cm disc width (DW) (Last and Stevens 2009). Males mature at 82-84 cm DW and size at birth is 21-28 cm DW (Manjaji 2004, White et al. 2006, White and Dharmadi 2007). Fecundity is assumed to be low, as a single pregnant female observed possessed two embryos (B.M. Manjaji-Matsumoto pers. obs.).As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as 20 years based on data for the congener, the Blackspotted Whipray (Himantura astra). Female Blackspotted Whiprays are reported to have a maximum age of 29 years and an age at maturity of nine years (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). These were used to calculate a generation length of 19 years based on the equation: generation length = (((29-9)/2)+9). The maximum size of the Reticulate Whipray is considerably larger (~160 cm DW) than that of the Blackspotted Whipray (80 cm DW), so it is possible the generation length of the Reticulate Whipray is greater than 20 years.

The Longhead Eagle Ray occurs primarily inshore on the inner continental shelf, and is associated with estuarine habitats (Last et al. 2016), especially where it occurs in the Arabian Gulf (Bishop et al. 2016). It attains a maximum size of 90 cm disc width (DW) with males mature at 50 cm DW and females at 75 cm DW (White and Moore 2013). Size at birth is unknown but the smallest free-swimming individual examined was 23 cm DW. Little else is known of the biology of this species. However, it is suspected to exhibit low fecundity as with other myliobatids which bear litters of up to four offspring (Compagno and Last 1999). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~15 years based on data for the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus) which are reported to have a maximum age of 24 years and an age at maturity of five years (Martin and Cailliet 1988). However, it is noted that the Longhead Eagle Ray reaches a smaller maximum size than this species.

The Spadenose Shark is common in coastal and estuarine waters, preferring muddy and sandy substrates at depths up to 80 m. It attains a maximum size of 91 cm total length (TL) and males mature at 24-36 cm TL and females at 33-35.8 cm TL (Devadoss 1979, Compagno et al. 2005, Sen et al. 2018). Breeding occurs throughout the year (Devadoss 1979) and females probably mate at least once each year. This shark is placentally viviparous, with arguably the most advanced reproductive mode of the elasmobranchs. Litter sizes range from 6-20, with a mean of 13 (Devadoss 1979). Young are born throughout the year, with size at birth around 12-15 cm TL, after a gestation period of five or six months (Compagno et al. 2005). Age and growth data are limited, but the generation length is estimated at about 3.75 years (Nair 1976, Compagno et al. 2005).

This tree species is known to grow within wadi environments (Mahmoud et al. 2018). It can grow up to 15 m in height and has smooth grey bark (Jongbloed et al. 2003). The tree produces a milky sap, has alternating, lance-shaped leaves and round orange fruits (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It flowers between May and December (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Typically, it grows within wadi banks and gorges at low elevations (Jongbloed et al. 2003) and is described as 'more prominent on rock debris, especially near wadis' (Perry 2008). This fig tree is also reported to be the most drought-tolerant of the Ficus species found within Arabia (Jongbloed et al. 2003).

This is a much branched, tall shrub or small tree (2-7 m tall), which grows in dry semi-desert areas on sandy and clay soil and on stony screes. The species is one of the most drought-tolerant among the common African acacias occurring in the rainfall belts 50-400 mm. Its distribution differs from that of Acacia seyal, as the latter is a typical Sahelian and Sudanian species occurring in rainfall belts between 400 and 800 mm, on fine-textured soils only. The species is also known to occur in many ecoregions (WWF Ecoregions), such as Sahara desert, Sahelian Acacia savanna, southwestern Arabian foothills savanna, Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert, Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands and South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert.

The original records of this species by A.S. Gardner were from natural sites within the zone of mixed sedimentary rocks southeast of Dibba. It was subsequently recorded growing in silt at the base of a cliff, adjacent to cultivation (Feulner 2011). It is described as a perennial species (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Fagonia ovalifolia is a perennial shrublet that is found on sandy plains.

This species is an annual herb with slender stems that can reach up to 45 cm in height (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It has small, oval leaves and fruits with white tufts of hair, in addition to small purple-white flower-heads that can be seen between December and May (Jongbloed et al. 2003). This plant is generally found in plantations and fields (Jongbloed et al. 2003).

This perennial grass species can reach up to 80 cm in height (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Feulner 2014, El-Keblawy et al. 2016). It has coarse, narrow leaves and flower spikelets (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Feulner 2014). This plant grows within sandy habitats according to MEW (2010), however this requires confirmation.

The species is found in coastal sands and sandy plains (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Sakkir and Brown 2014).