This continental shelf species is usually found in turbid water in seagrass beds or silty sand bottoms around isolated small rock outcrops, as well as near dead coral or soft coral as deep as 200 metres (Randall and Ben-Tuvia 1983, Leis 1987, Randall and Heemstra 1991). Juveniles are common to depths of 80 m (Kailola et al. 1993). It has also been observed on artificial reefs in Hong Kong (AFCD 2001). It feeds on fish and benthic invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs (Parrish 1987, Randall and Heemstra 1991, Salini et al. 1994, Kulbicki et al. 2005). It is thought to spawn during seasonal periods and form spawning aggregations (Shapiro 1987). Maximum total length is 47 cm and maximum weight is 1.4 kg (Moran et al. 1988). The maximum reported age for this species is 15 years (Shapiro 1987), but a study conducted in northern Oman recorded a maximum age of 39 years and total length of 48 cm (J. McIlwain unpublished data). The length and age at first sexual maturity is 22.8 cm and 2 years for males and 23.5 cm and 2 years for females, respectively (Mahmoud 2009). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 39 years, its estimated generation length is 20 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits coral reefs and adjacent areas (Carpenter et al. 1997a). In the Red Sea, it is more often found on patchy open reef areas rather than on well-developed coral reefs. In Oman, it is abundant, but patchily distributed on shallow coastal reefs and rocky reef substrata (J. McIlwain pers. comm. 2015). Its maximum total length is 35 cm. It is a diurnal, ambush predator that feeds throughout the day on fishes and crustaceans (Craig et al. 2011). This is a monogamous species and pairs jointly defend a territory of up to 62 m'² (Shpigel and Fishelson 1991). Spawning occurs off Abu Dhabi from July to November and the mean age and total length at first sexual maturity for femalesis 13 years and 25.3 cm (Grandcourt et al. 2013). These data are not available for the Red Sea population. Longevity is at least 28 years in Oman, 24 years in the Red Sea (Priest et al. 2016) and 20 years in the Arabian Gulf (Grandcourt et al. 2013). We utilized the following data to estimate the generation length: natural mortality of 0.21 year^-1 and age at first maturity of 13 years (Grandcourt et al. 2013). The generation length equation (1/natural mortality) + age at first reproduction), estimates the generation length as 17.8 years, with three generation lengths being 53.4 years. However, this may be modified if the age at first maturity is found to be an overestimate.

This species occurs on rock and boulder slopes and also in areas with high coral cover (M. Samoilys pers. comm. 2016). Off southern Oman and eastern Yemen, it is frequently observed on coral reefs between 10 to 15 m depth (J. Kemp pers. comm. 2007). Off Muscat, Oman its preferred habitat is small rocky outcrops at 70-155 m depth. It has also been collected from trawls operating between 33-100 m depth on sandy bottoms (Randall and Heemstra 1991). This species may be a diandric protogynous hermaphrodite (J. McIlwain pers. comm. 2007), but this is not yet confirmed. Peak spawning in Oman occurs from August to October and may also extend into June-July (J. McIlwain pers. comm. 2007). Maximum total length is 120 cm (Bagley et al. 2009). In Oman, it has been aged to 40 years (J. McIlwain unpublished data). Age at first maturity is likely about 3-4 years (H. Choat pers. comm. 2007). When applying an age at first reproduction of 3-4 years and longevity of 40 years, its estimated generation length is 21-22 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits coral and rocky reef, including drop-offs and banks (Randall 1995, Stephenson et al. 2001, J. Robinson pers. comm. 2007). Juveniles can be more common on coral reefs at least in the Gulf, while adults are often found in deeper waters around sandy or rocky substrates (Carpenter et al. 1997a). In general, younger individuals are found in the shallower portion of its range while adults occur deeper (Allen and Erdmann 2012). Spawning aggregations have been reported during peak reproductive months (Wheeler and Ommanney 1953, Robinson et al. 2004), and non-aggregating spawning likely occurs at other times during the year (J. Robinson pers. comm. 2007). Its maximum total length is 90 cm (Allen and Erdmann 2012) and its maximum age is 30 years (Grandcourt 2005). In Australia, females mature at about 41 cm and the species has been aged to at least 22 years (Bray 2016).

Adults of this species inhabit coarse sand or rocky bottoms, while juveniles inhabit silty-sand and mud bottoms (Carpenter et al. 1997). It seems to prefer continental localities and low-relief bottoms. Its maximum standard length is 137 cm (Randall and Heemstra 1991). In India, the spawning season for this species occurs from November to March and lengths of males and females at 50% maturity are 66 and 61 cm total length, respectively (Sujatha Shrikanya 2013).

A tree that grows to at least 3-4 m in height in the UAE (G.R. Feulner pers. comm. 2019). The species is generally found along ridge tops, summit cliffs, and north and east-facing slopes and ravines of the Hajar Mountains above 800 m as well as, occasionally, in ravine beds in wadi bottoms at Wadi Hayl and Wadi Mayy (Feulner 2014).

Within the UAE, this species is found in desert regions including sandy and harder substrates, dry wadis, and hills. They also use agricultural areas, irrigated forestry plots (Gardner 2013) and waste disposal sites.

This reef-associated species often occur in groups around coral reefs and sometimes extends to depths in excess of 100 m. Juveniles and young adults occur in mangrove estuaries, as well as the lower reaches of freshwater streams and tidal creeks (Lieske and Myers 1994, Sommer et al. 1996, Russell et al. 2003). This nocturnal species consumes fishes and crustaceans (Anderson and Allen 2001). The maximum total length is 150 cm (Torres 1991). The natural mortality for this species is measured at 0.158 (Russell et al. 2003). In a cooler part of its range, off eastern Australia, it has been aged at up to 57 years old (Piddocke et al. 2015). Spawning occurs off Abu Dhabi from September to October, longevity is estimated to be 37 years and the mean age and size at first sexual maturity is 14 years and 56.4 cm fork length for females and 13 years and 55.8 cm for males (Grandcourt et al. 2013). When applying an age at first reproduction of 14 years and longevity of 37 years, its estimated generation length is 25.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

The Longfin Mako is a poorly-known epipelagic, tropical and warm-temperate shark, and its full depth range is unknown (Compagno 2001). It attains a maximum size of at least 427 cm total length (TL). Both males and females have been reported to mature at >245 cm TL with the smallest mature male observed at 225 cm TL (Varghese et al. 2017). It is aplacental viviparous with oophagy and uterine cannibalism, and a pregnant female may have 2 to 8 embryos per litter. Size at birth is recorded at 97 to 120 cm TL (Compagno 2001). It has been suggested that females may approach land to pup (Compagno 2001). The generation length is suspected to be around 25 years, based on that of the Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) (Natanson et al. 2006).

The Bentfin Devil Ray is usually pelagic or epipelagic in shallow, productive, neritic waters of <100 m depth (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1988, Croll et al. 2016), although it is also caught in offshore pelagic waters (Mas et al. 2015), and around seamounts in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Mendonça et al. 2012). Segregation by size and sex is seasonal, with all size classes and sexes appearing together during the summer months (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1988). The species is observed either solitarily or in small groups (2-“6 individuals); it is not a schooling species (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1988). Maximum size is reported to at least 189 cm disc width (DW) and both females and males are estimated to mature at around 154 cm disc width (DW), while size at birth is estimated at 65-“85 cm DW (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1988, Last et al. 2016). Size at 50% maturity was estimated at 153.8 cm DW for males (White et al. 2006b). The mode of reproduction is matrotrophic viviparity. Embryos obtain nutrients initially via yolk, then through absorption of enriched uterine fluid from the mother (Wourms 1977). Only the left ovary is functional and litter size is one pup after a 12-month gestation period (Wourms 1977, Notarbartolo di Sciara 1988). It is estimated that the maximum intrinsic population growth rate (r_max) of devil rays is similar to manta rays, and these productivity rates are among the lowest of all chondrichthyans (Dulvy et al. 2014, Pardo et al. 2016). Mating, parturition, and early life history are reported to take place in the shallow water during summer and perhaps early autumn (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1988).For the Spinetail Devil Ray (up to 310 cm DW), Cuevas-Zimbrón (2012) estimated age at maturity to be 5-“6 years and a minimum lifespan of 14 years, giving a generation length of 10 years. While accurate age at maturity and longevity information is unavailable for the Bentfin Devil Ray, it can be inferred according to the smaller maximum size that it would be close to but slightly shorter than that of its congener. As there are not enough data to estimate an exact generation length for this species, an approximate, suspected generation length is used. A midway point of 7.5 years between a very conservative low of five years, and the larger Spinetail Devil Ray's 10-year generation length is suspected to be the approximate generation length for the Bentfin Devil Ray until more accurate information becomes available.