United Arab Emirates

Official name
United Arab Emirates
ISO alpha-2 code
AE
ISO alpha-3 code
ARE
ISO numeric-3 code
784
Continent
Asia

Glaucostegus granulatus | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The Sharpnose Guitarfish commonly occurs in intertidal areas, but has been recorded to depths of 119 m (Compagno and Last 1999). It attains a maximum size of at least 229 cm total length (TL) (Last et al. 2016). Size at birth is believed to be around 39 cm TL (Moore et al. 2012), but little else is known of its biology. The estimation of generation length is from the maximum age (19 years) and age at maturity (7 years) taken from the growth curve provided by White et al. (2014) for the Giant Guitarfish (Glaucostegus typus), which gives an estimated generation length of 13 years.
Taxon
Taxa
Glaucostegus granulatus | (Cuvier, 1829)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxonomic Notes
Changes to the systematics of Rhinobatos elevated the subgenus Glaucostegus to full generic status and placed this genus into a family of its own: Glaucostegidae (Compagno 2005, Last et al. 2016a). This species is often confused with Glaucostegus typus and Pacific Ocean records of G. granulatus are probably G. typus.
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Sharpnose Guitarfish occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it is moderately widespread in the northern Indian Ocean from the Arabian Gulf to Sri Lanka.
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Endangered
Assessment status abreviation
EN
Assessment status criteria
A2cd
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Sharpnose Guitarfish occurs throughout UAE coastal waters, and may be naturally uncommon there. It likely grows slowly and matures late, which causes it to have a low productivity and be particularly susceptible to declines when experiencing exploitation. It is commonly taken in gill net and trawl fisheries, and coastal development is a significant threat. Significant declines of wedgefishes and guitarfishes have been documented in India, Pakistan and Iran. There has been a total ban on fishing for this species in UAE waters in place since 2019. Though data specifically from the UAE are not available, and it is not known how individuals occupying the UAE are connected with the broader population of the Arabian Seas region, there is no information available to suggest that its population status differs in the UAE as compared to other parts of its range in the region. Given the threats faced by this species in other parts of the Arabian Seas region, and ongoing threats from discarding and habitat loss in the UAE, it is inferred that declines reported in the Arabian Seas are representative of the status in the UAE. Based on recorded levels of exploitation and decline in habitat quality, it is suspected to have declined by 50-80% over the past three generation lengths, or about 39 years. It is listed as Endangered A2cd.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
In the UAE, sharks have been impacted by targeted commercial fisheries until 2014 when a ban on export of sharks was imposed (Ministry of Climate Change and Environment). Sharks continue to be impacted by artisanal and bycatch fisheries (Annual Fisheries Statistical Report for Abu Dhabi Emirate 2001-2018), though catch data are not species-specific. This species is impacted by bycatch fisheries that are active elsewhere in its range. This species may also be impacted by coastal development and habitat degradation (Moore et al. 2012), especially since juveniles utilize inshore areas as nursery grounds. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and sea-filling), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
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Taeniurops meyeni | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The Blotched Fantail Ray is benthic around coral reef habitats, seamounts and on sand substrates mostly at depths of 20-60 m (although records from depths to 400 m in pelagic longlines near seamounts exist) (Compagno et al. 1989, Last and Compagno 1999, Last et al. 2016). It reaches a maximum size of 180 cm disc width (DW) (Last and Stevens 2009). Males mature at 100-110 cm DW and size at birth is 30-35 cm DW (Last et al. 2016). It is a viviparous species, with reported litter size of up to seven young (Compagno et al. 1989). Age data are not available, but generation length can be estimated using data from another large dasyatid, the Brown Stingray (Dasyatis lata), females of which mature at 15 years and reach 28 years (Dale and Holland 2012), giving an estimated generation length of 21.5 years.
Taxon
Taxa
Taeniurops meyeni | (Müller & Henle, 1841)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Blotched Fantail Ray occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it is widespread in the Indo-West Pacific (Last et al. 2016).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
A2cd
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Blotched Fantail Ray occurs throughout UAE inshore waters. This species is incidentally captured in inshore fisheries, and mostly discarded in UAE waters. In India and Pakistan, it is under intense and increasing demersal fishing pressure. This species is not targeted or valued in markets of the UAE, trawling has been banned there since 1980 and recently conducted surveys have detected it in the area. Though data specifically from the UAE are not available, and it is not known how individuals occupying the UAE are connected with the broader population of the Arabian Seas region, there is no information available to suggest that its population status differs in the UAE as compared to other parts of its range in the region. Given the threats faced by this species in other parts of the Arabian Seas region, and ongoing threats from discarding and habitat loss in the UAE, it is inferred that declines reported in the Arabian Seas are representative of the status in the UAE. Based on recorded levels of exploitation and decline in habitat quality, it is suspected to have declined by 20-30% over the past three generation lengths, or about 64 years. It is listed as Near Threatened, nearly meeting the thresholds for Vulnerable A2cd.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Information pertaining to threats specific to the UAE are unavailable. This species is impacted by bycatch fisheries that are active elsewhere in its range. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010). Corals in the UAE and Arabian Gulf have severely declined due to the increasing frequency of mass bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures, which is a consequence of climate change, as well as pervasive coastal development (Riegl et al. 2018, Burt et al. 2019).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
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Torpedo sinuspersici | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The Gulf Torpedo is found in shallow waters in sandy areas and near reefs and also well offshore to 200 m (Compagno et al. 1989). Little known of the species' biology or ecology. It is viviparous, like other electric rays, and reported to have litters of 9 to 22 young (Compagno et al. 1989). It reaches ~130 cm TL, but mostly less than 100 cm TL (Compagno et al. 1989).
Taxon
Taxa
Torpedo sinuspersici | Olfers, 1831
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxonomic Notes
This species was described with no type specimen and locality, but it has been presumed to be from the Arabian Gulf (Wallace 1967, Compagno 1986, Carvalho et al. 2002). It is considered to be one of the most widely distributed electric rays of the Western Indian Ocean (Carvalho et al. 2002, Last et al. 2016). However, the status of this species is uncertain as it is possibly a species-complex (Last et al. 2016). It is highly variable and confused with the Panther Torpedo (Torpedo panthera) (Last et al. 2016). The present account is therefore provisional, and in the event that species within the complex are better delineated, reassessment will be required (this may result in the status of electric rays being revised upwards, on the basis of small populations with localized distributions).
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Gulf Torpedo occurs throughout UAE waters (Randall 1995, Field 2005). Globally, it occurs widely in the Western Indian Ocean from India to southern Africa; however, this is possibly a species-complex of several distinct and possibly highly localized endemic species (Last et al. 2016). The form occurring in India is genetically distinct and likely represents a different species (K.K. Bineesh pers. comm. 05/02/2017).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Data Deficient
Assessment status abreviation
DD
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Gulf Torpedo occurs throughout UAE waters. However, the presently recognised species is likely a species-complex of several localized species and taxonomic examination is required to clarify the status of the species. Torpedo species are often confused in the region and species-specific data are therefore limited. It can be taken and discarded as bycatch in trawl fisheries, which may be a threat considering the species likely has a low survivorship of this activity. Due to taxonomic uncertainty, little is known on its distribution, population, ecology and potential threats in the UAE; therefore, it is listed as Data Deficient.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Potential impacts from fisheries will need review upon resolution of taxonomic uncertainty. Corals in the UAE and Arabian Gulf have severely declined due to the increasing frequency of mass bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures, which is a consequence of climate change, as well as pervasive coastal development (Riegl et al. 2018, Burt et al. 2019).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
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Rhinoptera javanica | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This species is benthopelagic and occurs over the continental shelf, often close inshore. It is typically solitary or small aggregations (not usually in the very large aggregations like other cownose rays) (Last et al. 2016). Litter size is 1-2 pups per litter (R. W. Jabado unpubl. data), but it is unknown if reproductive periodicity is annual or biennial. It reaches at least 165 cm disc width (DW) (Last et al. 2016). Generation length estimated to be ~15 years based on the smaller (110 cm DW) R. bonasus (Fisher et al. 2014).
Taxon
Taxa
Rhinoptera javanica | Müller & Henle, 1841
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Javanese Cownose Ray occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it has a wide range throughout the Indo-West Pacific (Spaet and Berumen 2015, Last et al. 2016).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Vulnerable
Assessment status abreviation
VU
Assessment status criteria
A2d
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Javan Cownose Ray occurs throughout UAE coastal waters. Due to confusion with the Oman Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera jayakari), population data can be uncertain, but it is suspected this species is the rarer of the two that occur in the Arabian Sea region. Serious declines in cownose ray landings have been observed in Pakistan, and of batoids in general in India. It exhibits slow life history characteristics including low fecundity and a low annual rate of population increase. Considering this, the species has a low capacity to recover from even moderate levels of exploitation. It is especially susceptible to exploitation (target and bycatch) in many largely unregulated gill net and trawl fisheries that operate within its range outside and surrounding UAE waters. Some management measures are now in place in the Arabian Sea region, although domestic fisheries are likely to continue. Though data specifically from the UAE are not available, individuals in the UAE are a component of a larger, interconnected and migratory population that occurs broadly in the north-western Indian Ocean. It is inferred that declines reported in the Arabian Sea region are representative of its status in the UAE. Based on recorded levels of exploitation, it is suspected to have declined by at least 30% over the past three generation lengths, or about 45 years. There is no information to confirm that this species is breeding in the UAE and no information confirming the likelihood of a cease in immigration from outside the region, despite ongoing threats and recorded declines. It is listed as Vulnerable A2d.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
This species is impacted by target and bycatch fisheries in the UAE as well as elsewhere in its range. Marine habitats in the Arabian Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
Off

Aetomylaeus maculatus | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The Mottled Eagle Ray is a poorly known species. It occurs on the inner continental shelf to depths of about 60 m over soft sandy substrate (Compagno and Last 1999). The maximum known size of this species is 100 cm disc width (DW) with males maturing by 71 cm DW and a 55 cm DW female not yet mature (Last et al. 2016). Litter size is unknown, but it is born at around 29 cm DW. As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~15 years based on data for the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus), which are reported to have a maximum age of 24 years and an age at maturity of five years (Martin and Cailliet 1988). However, it is noted that the Longhead Eagle Ray reaches a smaller maximum size than this species.
Taxon
Taxa
Aetomylaeus maculatus | (Gray, 1834)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxonomic Notes
This species is considered distinct from Aetomylaeus milvus (Last et al. 2016).
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
In UAE waters, the Mottled Eagle Ray is only confirmed from a single record taken at Ras Al Khaimah (R.W. Jabado pers. comm. 12/04/2017). Elsewhere, it has been confirmed from the east and west coast of India and is thought to be present in Sri Lanka (Last et al. 2016). It is suspected to occur in Pakistan and eastern Iran based on anecdotal reports and one museum specimen from Karachi University (F. Owfi pers. comm. 07/02/2017). Further research is needed to confirm the distribution of this species.
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Data Deficient
Assessment status abreviation
DD
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Mottled Eagle Ray presumably occurs throughout UAE inshore waters, but has only been recorded there once (in Ras al Khaimah). The extent of its interactions with fisheries is unknown at present, but like other species of eagle rays, it is highly susceptible to a variety of fishing methods. It is mainly caught as bycatch in inshore and shelf trawl and gill net fisheries, and demersal fishing pressure is intense and increasing through much of the Arabian Sea region. The loss and degradation of coastal habitats in the Gulf is a significant concern for inshore species such as this. Little is known on its population, distribution, ecology and potential threats from habitat degradation and fishing; therefore, it is listed as Data Deficient in the UAE.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Information pertaining to threats specific to the UAE are unavailable. This species is impacted by target (for fins and their valuable meat) and bycatch fisheries that are active elsewhere in its range. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
Off

Gymnura poecilura | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The Longtail Butterfly Ray occurs in shallow, inshore waters to a depth of at least 30 m, typically on sand or mud substrate (James 1966, Last et al. 2016). Its attains a maximum size of 104 cm disc width (DW) with males maturing at about 35 cm DW and females at 41 cm DW (Last et al. 2016). Size at birth is reported at 22-26 cm DW, but little else is known about the biology of this species. Fecundity appears to be low, being reported up to seven pups/litter, and females are known to commonly abort embryos upon capture. It is important to note that biological information on this species requires clarification as life-history traits vary greatly in the available literature and there might be some unresolved taxonomic questions regarding the species in the Arabian Sea region (e.g., Henderson et al. 2016, Last et al. 2016, Muktha et al. 2018). Generation length is estimated from the similar-sized Backwater Butterfly Ray (Gymnura natalensis) from South Africa that matures at 6 years and reaches a maximum age of 24, yielding a generation length of 15 years (van der Elst 1988).
Taxon
Taxa
Gymnura poecilura | (Shaw, 1804)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Longtail Butterfly Ray occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it is widespread in the Indo-West Pacific.
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
A2cd
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Longtail Butterfly Ray occurs throughout UAE inshore waters. It is not targeted or valued in markets of the UAE, trawling has been banned there since 1980 and recently conducted surveys have detected it in the area. It is regularly caught in shallow water trawls and is normally discarded at sea in the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea, but is retained in Pakistan and India. Though data specifically from the UAE are not available, and it is not known how individuals occupying the UAE are connected with the broader population of the Arabian Seas region, there is no information available to suggest that its population status differs in the UAE as compared to other parts of its range in the region. Given the threats faced by this species in other parts of the Arabian Seas region, and ongoing threats from discarding and habitat loss in the UAE, it is inferred that declines reported in the Arabian Seas are representative of the status in the UAE. Based on recorded levels of exploitation and decline in habitat quality, it is suspected to have declined by 20-30% over the past three generation lengths, or about 45 years. It is listed as Near Threatened, nearly meeting the thresholds for Vulnerable A2cd.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Information pertaining to threats specific to the UAE are unavailable. This species is impacted by bycatch fisheries that are active elsewhere in its range. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
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Duttaphrynus dhufarensis | UAE National Red List of Herpetofauna: Amphibians & Terrestrial Reptiles, Sea Snakes & Marine Turtles

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The species is found throughout the Hajar Mountains (Burriel-Carranza et al. in press) on gravel plains, dry wadis and on mountain ridges. It is also encountered in gardens, oases, plantations and irrigation canals. The species is highly adapted to arid environments and in the UAE it is mainly nocturnal. During dry conditions, they are typically found as single individuals (Soorae et al. 2013) aestivating in burrows underground or under flat rocks until the rainy season. After rainfall, they appear in high densities and form breeding groups, which continue by day and night (Cunningham and Feulner 2001, 2005; Gardner 2013). They are able to breed successfully even in puddles or potholes away from permanent water. They feed on insects and other invertebrates.
Taxon
Taxa
Duttaphrynus dhufarensis | (Parker, 1931)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Amphibians
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Within the United Arab Emirates, this species is found throughout the Hajar Mountains south to Al Ain (Gardner 2013, Soorae et al. 2013, Burriel-Carranza et al. in press), from sea level to 1,500 m asl.Globally, the species ranges from the western mountains of Arabia from around Mecca, Saudi Arabia southwards; around southern peripheral Arabia, including Yemen, southern and northern Oman, and the United Arab Emirates (Gardner 2013, Soorae et al. 2013). Apparently introduced into the Riyadh area of Saudi Arabia.
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2018
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its moderately wide distribution within the UAE, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. This taxon is not a non-breeding visitor, and it is presumed that any immigration from populations outside the UAE is not significant, and therefore there is no adjustment to the Category according to the IUCN regional and national Guidelines (IUCN 2012).
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
There are no known widespread threats to this species; much of its range is undeveloped. The amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, was not detected in a survey of wild populations in the UAE in 2012 (Soorae et al. 2012, Chaber et al. 2016).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
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Sclerophrys arabica | UAE National Red List of Herpetofauna: Amphibians & Terrestrial Reptiles, Sea Snakes & Marine Turtles

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This is an opportunistic species that is present where there are water sources available; this includes garden courtyards, oases, permanent springs, irrigation canals and permanent small rivers. Breeding takes place in stagnant and slow-moving water. These toads are active by day as well as by night. Eggs are laid throughout the year in permanent water pools and following rain in temporary pools (Gardner 2013).There is no overall decline in habitat extent and quality, however, over-utilisation of surface water (for agriculture for example) will impact the species.
Taxon
Taxa
Sclerophrys arabica | (Heyden, 1827)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Amphibians
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxonomic Notes
According to Stöck et al. (2001), the taxonomy and nomenclature of this species requires aData deficientitional research, since the specimen considered the holotype by Balletto et al. (1985) is not that one described by Heyden (1827). Bufo hadramautinus Cherchi 1963 was synonymized with Bufo arabicus by Schätti and Desvoignes (1999). This species was under the generic name Duttaphrynus but is now treated under Sclerophrys (Frost 2016).
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Within the United Arab Emirates, this species is found in association with surface water throughout the Hajar Mountains and is especially common in areas with permanent water (Cunningham and Feulner 2005). It is recorded from sea level to 1,100 m asl within the United Arab Emirates (Gardner 2013, Soorae et al. 2013, Burriel-Carranza et al. in press).The species lays eggs in artificial or treated sewage water-fed drains and falaj system in Al Ain Zoo and dry wadis nearby (M.A.R. Khan pers. comm. 2018), however, it is unclear if these populations are natural or introduced. The species were introduced in the Ruwais area of Abui Dhabi where it was recorded from artificial ponds within a residential complex (G.R. Feulner pers. comm. 2018).Globally, the species ranges from northwestern Saudi Arabia, through the western mountains south to Yemen, northern Oman (absent from southern Oman) and the United Arab Emirates (Heyden 1827, Balletto et al. 1985, Schätti and Desvoignes 1999, Stöck et al. 2001, Frost 2016).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2018
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its moderately wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. This taxon is not a non-breeding visitor, and it is presumed that any immigration from populations outside the UAE is not significant, and therefore there is no adjustment to the Category according to the IUCN regional and national Guidelines (IUCN 2012).
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
There are no widespread threats to this species and much of its range is undeveloped. However, over-utilisation of surface water (for agriculture for example) will impact the species. The amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, was not detected in a survey of wild populations in the UAE in 2012 (Soorae et al. 2012, Chaber et al. 2016).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
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Polycarpaea spicata | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Incomplete
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
It is an annual herb species that can grow up to 15 cm in height (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Brown et al. 2007). This plant has fine stems, basal rosette leaves and spoon-shaped stem leaves (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Flower spikes that resemble a tuft of grass can be seen between February and April (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It generally grows within stable sand and silt substrates that can be found in between rocks and in wadis (Jongbloed et al. 2003).
Taxon
Taxa
Polycarpaea spicata | Wight ex Arn.
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Flowering Plants
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Within the UAE, it is considered to be widespread although scattered (Brown et al. 2007). It can be found on coastal sands and plains, including Taweela and Al Jazeera al-Hamra (Brown et al. 2007). It has also been recorded from offshore islands of Abu Dhabi (Sakkir et al. 2017). Globally, this species occurs from north-east Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species appears to be fairly widespread within the UAE, although it is scattered. As a result of its distribution both inland and on offshore islands, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is likely to exceed the threshold for threatened categories. It is suggested that it may well be more common than it appears due to under-collection. As a result, it is assessed as Least Concern.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
There is no information available.
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
Off