The most relevant threats within UAE are changes in coastal land-use and the possibility of oil pollution, but the severity of these threats towards this species is unknown.

The main potential threat to this species within UAE is the infilling of its wetland habitat (Aspinall 1996).

The most relevant threats within UAE are changes in coastal land-use and the possibility of oil pollution, but the severity of these threats towards this species is unknown.Individuals of this species that visit UAE are also potentially threatened by a range of threats that operate outside of the country. Migratory stop-over habitats for this species may be threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland drainage for irrigation, land abandonment and changing land management practices leading to scrub overgrowth (Grishanov et al. 2006). The species is also susceptible to avian botulism, so may be impacted on by future outbreaks of the disease (Blaker 1967). Climate change is a potential future threat.

Changes in coastal land-use and the possibility of oil pollution could affect this species in UAE, but the severity of these threats towards this species is unknown. Outside the UAE, the species is potentially threatened by disturbance from recreational activities (Cutts et al. 2009), intertidal oyster culture (Gittings and O'Donoghue 2012) and urban and industrial development, which could have an impact on individuals that visit the UAE. Warmer temperatures brought about by climate change are thought to affect this species (Maclean;et al. 2008).

Changes in coastal land-use and the possibility of oil pollution could affect this species in UAE, but the severity of these threats towards this species is unknown. Climate change is likely to have an effect on this species in the future.

The most relevant threats within UAE are changes in coastal land-use and the possibility of oil pollution, but the severity of these threats towards the species is unknown.Individuals of this species that visit UAE are threatened by a range of threats that operate outside of the country. For instance, the species is threatened in Europe by the pollution of wetlands with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), insecticides, selenium, lead and mercury (del Hoyo et al. 1996).;The species is susceptible to avian botulism (Blaker 1967, Hubalek et al. 2005) and avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases.

Within the UAE, the most pressing threats to this species are likely to come from coastal land-use changes and potentially from oil pollution, but the severity of these threats to the species are uncertain.The species's global decline is driven by a very large range of threats, which may be important to highlight as they could be having an impact on the individuals when they are outside of the UAE - although, overall, the subspecies longipes, which is occurring in the UAE, is not thought to be in decline (Wetlands International 2019). Such threats include over-fishing of its prey (Atkinson;et al.;2003, Verhulst;et al.;2004, Ens 2006, van de Pol;et al. 2014), human disturbance (Kelin and Qiang 2006) (e.g. from construction work or recreational activities [Burton et al. 2002, van de Pol et al. 2014]), coastal barrage construction (Burton 2006), industrial development including development of ports and oil extraction, oil spills, wind farms (Melville et al. 2014) and reduced river flows (Kelin and Qiang 2006). Intensive agriculture including frequent mowing of grasslands and high densities of grazing livestock threatens chicks, eggs and nests and high levels of fertilizers and pesticides can reduce soil invertebrate biomass (van de Pol;et al. 2014). A reduction in eutrophication is likely to have contributed to declines in some areas, owing to a loss of food resources (van de Pol et al. 2014, H. Meltofte in litt. 2015).;The species is hunted in some range states (both legally and illegally) but the effects of hunting at the population level are not known (Melville et al. 2014, Sarychev and Mischenko 2014, van de Pol et al. 2014). The invasive Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas has become abundant in the Oosterschelde (Netherlands) and is increasing in the Dutch Wadden Sea (van de Pol et al. 2014). Eurasian Oystercatcher generally does not eat this species of oyster which is reported to be invading mussel beds and may compete with cockles and mussels thus reducing food availability. However Pacific Oyster beds could also provide an area for mussel beds to re-establish. In the northern part of the breeding range of the longipes subspecies, cessation of grazing in coastal areas leading to development of shrubby vegetation threatens breeding habitats (Sarychev and Mischenko 2014). Conversely, intensive grazing in some areas may pose a threat to this population. The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).Sea level rise leading to increased coastal erosion and flooding is contributing to habitat loss in some areas (Melville;et al. 2014, van de Pol;et al. 2014). Climate change has advanced the average egg-laying date of the species and is likely to reduce recruitment of bivalves, however warmer winters are expected to benefit the species leading to lower winter mortality (van de Pol;et al. 2014). Droughts in some inland areas are likely to lead to a loss of suitable habitat (Melville;et al. 2014, Sarychev and Mischenko 2014).

The most relevant threats within the UAE are changes in land-use and the possibility of oil pollution, but the severity of these threats towards this species is unknown.;Outside of the UAE, the species faces a range of threats, which could impact individuals that visit the country. Habitat destruction, including from peat extraction, could impact the species during its breeding stage. Coastal dredging could also reduce available habitat and prey while at sea (O'Brien et al. 1997). The species is vulnerable to invasive alien predators (Biodiversity in Sweden 2012), as well as human disturbance on its breeding grounds. The species faces ongoing changes to habitat caused by increasing temperatures and impact of climate change (Huntley;et al. 2007).

Across its global range the species is threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland and flood-plain drainage (for irrigation and water management), peat-extraction, and land abandonment and changing land management practices that lead to scrub and reed overgrowth (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Grishanov 2006). The species may also suffer future population declines and range contractions as a result of global climate change (Zöckler 2002), and is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gaidet et al. 2007), avian botulism (Blaker 1967, van Heerden 1974, Hubalek et al. 2005) and avian malaria (Mendes et al. 2005), so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. The most relevant threats within the UAE are changes in coastal land-use and the possibility of oil pollution, but the severity of these threats towards this species is unknown.

Changes in coastal land-use and the possibility of oil pollution could affect this species in UAE, but the severity of these threats towards this species is unknown. It is uncertain the extent to which factors affecting breeding populations (e.g. see BirdLife International 2015) could impact individuals that do pass-through/over-winter in UAE. Climate change is likely to have an effect on this species in the future, including sea level rise.