This pelagic, schooling species occurs in inshore waters (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Randall 1995). Its diet consists primarily of fishes, crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes (Sreenivasan 1974, Smith-Vaniz 1984) and squids (Randall 1995). The maximum total length is 80 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Spawning season is April to February with a peak from May to August. Both sexes attain maturity between 25 and 27 cm off India (Sivakami 1995). Off Pakistan, it spawns from May to June and November to February (Qamar and Panhwar 2018). Sizes at maturity have also been reported as 22 cm and 26.4 cm for females and males, respectively, (Bal and Rao 1984) and at 21 cm for both sexes (Jadhav and Mohite 2013). The age at 50% maturity for both females and males off Pakistan was estimated as 2.4 years, the size as 26.5-27 cm and a longevity of 4 years (Qamar and Panhwar 2018).

This pelagic species occurs inshore and over rocky reefs, deep lagoons and seaward reefs (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Mundy 2005). Juveniles often occurs in estuaries (Mundy 2005). Both juveniles and adult are occasionally seen over sandy areas where they root for crustaceans, molluscs and small fish (Carpenter et al. 1997b). Small juveniles may live among the tentacles of jellyfish (Lieske and Myers 1994). The mean total length at first maturity for females in the Gulf is 32.5 cm. This speciesspawns during April and May (Grandcourt et al. 2004). Spawning occurs during the Spring season in UAE waters and the mean fork length at first maturity is about 34.5 cm with an age at first maturity of 1.43 years and an estimated longevity of 11 years (Farrag et al. 2019). When applying an age at first reproduction of 1.43 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 6.2 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2. The maximum total length is 120 cm (Randall 1995).

This species schools mostly in open waters and is common in insular habitats (Smith-Vaniz 1984). It is occasionally seen in small groups along reef slopes adjacent to deep water in pursuit of zooplankton (Smith-Vaniz 1995, Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001, Mundy 2005). The maximum total lengthis 35 cm, although it is common to find individuals of 25 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1986). It lives to at least five years of age (Shiraishi et al. 2010).

This pelagic speciesschools in a variety of habitats, including rocky and coral reefs and inshore sand flats (Lieske and Myers 1994, Wetherbee et al. 2004, Mundy 2005). Adults are solitary or in schools, and juveniles occur in small schools over sandy inshore bottoms and occasionally in turbid estuaries (Blaber and Cyrus1983, Myers 1999). The presence of estuarine habitat is not necessary for this speciesto thrive (Sudekum et al. 1991). Itfeeds during the day, mostly on demersal and pelagic fishes, but also cephalopods and crustaceans (Blaber and Cyprus1983, Sudekum et al. 1991). This species forms spawning aggregations on shallow seaward reefs and offshore banks (Sudekum et al. 1991, de Silva et al. 2014).This speciesis one of the largest of the carangid fishes, measuring up to 170 cm total length (Lieske and Myers 1994). It can live to at least 20 years of age and has been recorded to 30 years of age in captivity (Friedlander and Dalzell 2004). Femalesreach maturity at approximately 60 cm and 3-4 years of age (Sudekum et al. 1991). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4 years and longevity of 20 years, its estimated generation length is 12 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This speciesoccurs in coastal, clear, open waters. Adults commonly form small aggregations over rocky reefs and are seldom observed in turbid or estuarine waters. Its diet consists of fish and crustaceans (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The maximum total length is 88 cm (Allen and Erdmann 2012).

This species inhabits coastal waters and occasionally occurs over coral reefs (Carpenter et al. 1997a, Smith-Vaniz 1999). Juveniles have been recorded in estuaries (Ikejima et al. 2003). The maximum total lengthis 22 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1999).

This speciesoccurs over coral and rocky reefs over the continental shelf while juveniles are mainly found in shallow sandy bays. It is moderately tolerant of turbid waters. Itsdiet consists of crustaceans, small squids and fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The maximum total length is 60 cm (Randall et al. 1990).

This reef-associated species most commonly occurs over slightly deeper, offshore reefs (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Pereira 2000). Adults are generally solitary, while juveniles form small schools (Randall 1995). Its diet consists of small invertebrates and fishes (Carpenter et al. 1997b) and the maximum total length is 90 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).

This speciesoccurs in coastal waters near rocky and coral reefs as well as seagrass beds, and is occasionally found over offshore banks (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Gell and Whittington 2002). Itis often seen in small to large schools, but has also been observed singly. The maximum fork length is 120 cm (Torres 1991).

This speciesoccurs near inshore coral reefs and in brackish water singly or in small groups (Smith-Vaniz 1986, Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). It apparently prefers coastal waters adjacent to sandy beaches near coral reefs, but is also found to 60 m depth (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Its diet consists mainly of benthic crustaceans and occasionally small fishes (Randall 1995). The maximum total length is 70 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).