The Leopard Whipray is demersal on soft substrates and is mainly inshore and coastal, though it also occurs on the continental shelf to at least 70 m depth (White et al. 2006, Manjaji-Matsumoto and Last 2008). Himanura species exhibit a strong association with shallow waters of the western region where complex habitats such as coral assemblages and seagrass beds are most prevalent (Last et al. 2016 Rays of the World book). The biology of this species is poorly known, partly due to confusion with other species of the “uarnak' species-complex, especially the Reticulate Whipray (H. uarnak) and the Honeycomb Whipray (H. undulata) (Last and Stevens 2009). It attains about 140 cm disc width (DW); born at about 20 cm DW; males mature at 70-“94 cm DW (White and Dharmadi 2007, Last and Stevens 2009). Its reproduction is viviparous (White et al. 2006). It typically has1-4 young and reproduces year-round (Rastgoo et al. 2015). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as 20 years based on data for the congener, the Blackspotted Whipray (Himantura astra). Female Blackspotted Whiprays are reported to have a maximum age of 29 years and an age at maturity of nine years (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). These were used to calculate a generation length of 19 years based on the equation: generation length = 9+((29-9)/2). The maximum size of the Leopard Whipray is considerably larger (~140 cm DW) than that of the Blackspotted Whipray (80 cm DW) so it is possible the generation length of the Leopard Whipray is greater than 20 years.

This speciesinhabits coastal rocky and coral reefs (Valinassab et al. 2011). Juveniles also occur in turbid inshore waters and estuaries, including mangrove habitats over sand and mud bottoms (Van der Elst 1993). Its maximum total length is 80 cm, but occurs more commonly to 45 cm (McKay 2001). Its maximum age is 36 years (Al-Husaini et al. 2001). Itspawns from February to July (Al-Husaini et al. 2001) and forms shoals near river mouths during the winter.

This speciesinhabits inshore and offshore rocky and coral reefs, as well as seagrass beds (McKay 1984, Gell and Whittington 2002). Its maximum total length is 30 cm (Psomadakis et al. 2015). This species has been observed on breakwaters and natural reefs in Dubai, with an apparent preference for natural reef (Burt et al. 2009, 2013). In Abu Dhabi, the maximum age is 14 years, and the mean age and size at sexual maturity was 1.8 years and 24.8 cm for males and 2.1 years and 26 cm for females (Grandcourt et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 14 years, its estimated generation length is 8 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species is most commonly found in surf zones around rocky and coral reefs as well as in seagrass beds, and occasionally in rivers and estuaries (Roux 1986, Lieske and Myers 1994, Gell and Whittington 2002). Juveniles are found in tide pools (Smith and McKay 1986). This species is nocturnal and feeds on zooplankton and small fish (Dorenbosch et al. 2005). The maximum total length is 90 cm (McKay 2001).

This reef-associated species inhabits very shallow coastal habitats, often forming large schools near freshwater run-offs (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). Adults inhabit coral reefs, while juveniles frequent inshore areas over sand, silt or coral rubble bottoms, occasionally in mangrove-lined streams and estuaries (Fischer et al. 1990). Its maximum total length is 35 cm (Allen 1985). Off Abu Dhabi, its mean age and size at sexual maturity is 1.7 years and 19.9 cm for males and 1.8 years and 20.4 cm for females and it has been aged up to 11 years (Grandcourt et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 6.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This schooling species inhabits coral and rocky reefs, including open ocean reefs. Its maximum total length is 80 cm, but is more common to 30 cm (Sommer et al. 1996, Psomadakis et al. 2015).

This deepwater, demersal species inhabits tropical and sub-tropical waters (Allen 1985). It schools in areas of hard, rocky and uneven sea floor near steep drop-offs (Parrish 1987). It consumes fishes, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, stomatopods, squids, gastropods and urochordates (Allen 1985). Its maximum total length is 90 cm (Anderson 1986). The maximum age is about 18.2 years, the age at maturity is 3.2 years, the reproductive lifespan is estimated at 15 years, and the natural mortality is 0.35 (Martinez-Andrade 2003). The maximum age from Australia is 30 years at 81 cm total length and age at 50% maturity is 8 years at 55 cm total length (Flood et al. 2014). When applying an age at first reproduction of 8 years and longevity of 30 years, its estimated generation length is 19 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits a variety of inshore habitats, including coral reefs. Juveniles are sometimes found in mangrove swamps and estuaries (Randall 2005). Adults typically school on coastal reefs and in deep lagoons (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). This species is often found in large aggregations with Lutjanus kasmira and L. lutjanus (Lieske and Myers 1994). It consumes fishes, shrimps, crabs and other crustaceans and its maximum total length is 35 cm (Allen 1985). The reproductive lifespan is estimated at 15.5 years (Martinez-Andrade 2003). Spawning in the southern Arabian Gulf occurs from April to June, maximum observed age was 14.3 years and the mean age and size at sexual maturity was 1.6 years and 16.7 cm for males and 1.9 years and 18.7 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2006). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 14.5 years, its estimated generation length is 8.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This reef-associated species inhabits sheltered lagoons and exposed, outer slope coral reefs (Anderson and Allen 2001). It is frequently encountered in large aggregations of 100 or more individuals. Juveniles are solitary and inhabit shallow areas in protected bays with algae and rubble substrates (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). It feeds mainly on fishes and crustaceans (Allen 1984). It reaches a maximum total length of about 38 cm, but is more commonly seen to 20 cm (Anderson and Allen 2001). The maximum ageis 32 years off Australia (Anderson et al. 2003). The age at maturity is 2.9 years, the reproductive lifespan is estimated at 23.9 years and the natural mortality is 0.84 (Martinez-Andrade 2003).

This species inhabits clear, coastal coral and rocky reefs. It occurs singly or in small groups (Allen 1985, Wilkens 2005). The maximum total length is 40 cm (Randall 1995, Field 2013). Along the southern Omani coast, it has a prolonged breeding season (August to March) with peak spawning occurring in October and January. The total length and age at first maturity is 28.1 cm and 2.9 yrs for males and 29.7 cm and 4.3 years for females and it has been aged up to 18 years (Al-Mamari et al. 2017). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4.5 years and longevity of 18 years, its estimated generation length is 11.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.