Presence of this species is confirmed within the United Arab Emirates marine territorial waters (Soorae et al. 2006, Buzás et al. 2018). It is found in both the Arabian Gulf and in the Gulf of Oman. Breeding is confirmed, as juveniles are found in the waters off the east coast (Géczy et al. 2017, Buzás et al. 2018). On the east coast, it is found up to 8 km offshore (Géczy et al. 2017, Buzás et al. 2018). The depth range is not certain, but likely to be found to c. 45 m depth along the east coast. Museum specimens from Muscat, Oman (Boulenger 1887), Arabian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz (Gasperetti 1988). Recent museum records are available for the UAE in the Al Mayya Sanctuary, Fujairah.Globally, this species is found in the Arabian Gulf, east to Indonesia, China, and Taiwan (Culotta and Pickwell 1993, Heatwole 1999), and south to New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands (Ineich and Rasmussen 1997).

This species is confirmed from United Arab Emirates waters (Soorae et al. 2006, Egan 2007, Gardner 2013, Buzás et al. 2018), where it is found in the Arabian Gulf (stranding records only, including the Dubai coast) and shallow waters in the Gulf of Oman (Buzás et al. 2018). The species appears less common than other sea snakes along the east coast, found up to 7.2 km from the shore (Géczy et al. 2017, Buzás et al. 2018). Recent museum specimens for the UAE are available in the Al Mayya Sanctuary, Fujairah). The first museum specimen in the region was collected from Das Island (Arabian Gulf, UAE) by M.B. Bailey in 1963 (Gasperetii 1988). Museum specimens from Muscat, Oman (Boulenger 1887), Arabian Gulf and Iran (Gasperetti 1988). Globally, this species is found in the Arabian Gulf east to Indonesia, the Philippines, and China, with the range extending south to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea (Culotta and Pickwell 1993); the species is also possibly present in Japan (Rasmussen et al. 2010).

Presence of this species is confirmed within the United Arab Emirates marine territorial waters (Soorae et al. 2006, Castilla et al. 2017, Buzás et al. 2018). On the east coast, this was the least common species found in surveys, only known from one specimen (collected 6.3 km offshore) out of c.250 individuals collected (Géczy et al. 2017, Buzás et al. 2018). On the Arabian Gulf, it is known from a single available stranding record from the Dubai coast (M.A.R. Khan pers. comm. 2018). Recorded from the Arabian Gulf and from the Gulf of Oman (Gasperetti 1988, Rezaie-Atagholipur et al. 2016) including breeding pair photographed (Rezaie-Atagholipur et al. 2016). It is not known from museum records from the UAE. Museum specimens include those from Muscat, Oman (Boulenger 1887), Arabian Gulf and Iran (Gasperetti 1988).Globally, this species is found from the Arabian Gulf of Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka, east to Australia and Papua New Guinea and north to Viet Nam (Culotta and Pickwell 1993, Rasmussen et al. 2010).

Presence of this species is confirmed within the United Arab Emirates marine territorial waters (Egan 2007, Soorae et al. 2006, Buzás et al. 2018). It is found from both the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. On the east coast, it is found up to 3.2-6.5 km (Géczy et al. 2017, Buzás et al. 2018). The depth range is not certain; it is probably a bottom-dwelling species. There is a record from Khor Kalba on the east coast, and recent museum records are available for the UAE in the Al Mayya Sanctuary, Fujairah. Museum specimens from the region are available for Muscat (Oman; Boulenger 1887), Arabian Gulf and Iran (Gasperetti 1988).Globally, this species is found in the Arabian Gulf, east to Indonesia and the Philippines (Culotta and Pickwell 1993, Heatwole 1999). It has also been found in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands (Ineich and Rasmussen 1997).

This species has been reported as present within the United Arab Emirates marine territorial waters (Gasperetti 1988, Soorae et al. 2006, Egan 2007, Castilla et al. 2017), however, there are no known confirmed records from UAE waters in the Arabian Gulf. There is a single known museum specimen collected in UAE waters, from near Sir Abu Nu'ayr (Arabian Gulf, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE) by the crew of the HMS Dalrymple (British Royal Navy) around 1963 (Gasperetti 1988), however, the identity of this record requires confirmation. It is possible that the species occurs only in the northern parts of the Arabian Gulf, but Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. (2016) reported no records from Iranian waters. There are no records from the east coast of the UAE (Géczy et al. 2017, Buzás et al. 2018), although the species is recorded from adjacent waters near Muscat in Oman (Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. 2016). The first museum specimen from the region was collected in Muscat, Oman by A.S.G. Jayakar and is the type specimen of the Hydrophis jayakari (Boulenger, 1887), a synonym of H. viperinus.Globally, this species is known from the Arabian Gulf of Pakistan, around India and Sri Lanka, south to Indonesia (including Borneo) and east to Bangladesh, southeast Asia and southern China (Culotta and Pickwell 1993, Heatwole 1999). There are no records from the Philippines (Rasmussen et al. 2010).

A detailed description of the distribution of Medicago polymorpha within the UAE is lacking, however it is known to occur within the country according to R. Western. According to Fawzi and Karim (pers. comm. 2019), this species has been recorded from Hatta and Ras al-Khaimah, in addition to Abu Dhabi Island (S. Sakkir pers. comm. 2019). Globally, the native range of this species encompasses northern and eastern Africa, Europe, the Arabian Peninsula and western and central Asia (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Within the UAE, this species was recently recorded from Jebel Hafeet and is also known from the Ru'us al-Jibal (Feulner 2011, Sakkir and Brown 2014). It is generally found within the Hajar Mountains, although localities may be scattered (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Globally, the native range of this species encompasses southern Africa, in addition to Macaronesia to Ethiopia and Tanzania, and on to India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Within the UAE, it occurs within the Hajar Mountain range and in the Ru'us al-Jibal (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Feulner 2011, 2014). In the Ru'us al-Jibal, this species has been recorded from up to at least 1,650 m altitude (Feulner 2011). Globally, the native range of this species includes Somalia and northern Africa, through to the Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species is widespread but very scattered in the Hajar Mountains (Jongbloed et al. 2003), including Wadi Wurayah National Park (WWNP; Feulner 2016), and was recorded in 2018 from Jebel Hafeet (Sakkir et al. 2018). Feulner (2011) found this species at only one site (a spring, 'Ayn as-Sih) in the Ru'us al-Jibal, not in the UAE, but reported the species to be occasional in the Hajar Mountains near springs and seeps, typically among Adiantum capillus-veneris ferns. The species has also been recorded from the base of the waterfall in WWNP. Without detailed locality records (aside from Jebel Hafeet), it has not been possible to estimate the EOO and AOO. The distribution of this species is from the eastern Mediterranean and the Caucuses, through the Arabian Peninsula to eastern Africa, and east to China (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2018).

This species is widespread throughout the Hajar Mountains in the UAE (Jongbloed et al. 2003), including records from Wadi Wurayah National Park (Feulner 2016). Globally, this species occurs in North Africa, Southern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Myanmar (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2018).