The species is found on gravel plains (MEW 2010). It is an annual forb, reaching up to 0.15 m in height (Jongbloed et al. 2003).

This perennial fern species is known to grow in open sand habitats and coastal areas (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Rothfels et al. 2012). At higher altitudes, it can grow within silt rather than sand (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It has two or three elliptic leaves growing from the stem in addition to other stem like leaves (Jongbloed et al. 2003). The plant generally appears after periods of rain (Jongbloed et al. 2003).

This species is an inshore ray, usually found on sandy bottoms down to at least 90 m deep (Manjaji 2004, White et al. 2006, Last et al. 2016). It attains a maximum size of at least 150 cm disc width (DW) (~300 cm total length) (White et al. 2006, Last et al. 2016). Males mature at about 75-85 cm DW and size at birth is around 23 cm DW (White and Dharmadi 2007). Reproduction is viviparous with histotrophy (White et al. 2006). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~20 years based on data for Blackspotted Whipray (Maculabatis astra) (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). However, it is noted that the Blackspotted Whipray grows to a much smaller maximum size (80 cm DW) than Jenkins' Whipray (150 cm DW).

The Bigeye Thresher Shark is found in coastal waters over continental shelves, sometimes in shallow inshore waters, and on the high seas in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones far offshore; it is also caught near the bottom in deep water on continental slopes (Compagno 2001). It occurs mostly shallower than 100 m, but has been recorded to 995 m (Compagno 2001, Coelho et al. 2015). It attains a maximum recorded size of 484 cm total length (TL) (Compagno 2001). Males are reported to mature at 245-300 cm TL while females mature between 282-355 cm TL (Chen et al. 1997, Liu et al. 1998, Moreno and Moron 1992, Stillwelli and Casey 1976, Varghese et al. 2017). Size at birth ranges from 64-140 cm TL (Golani 1996, Chen et al. 1997, Bauchot 1987). The gestation period is 12 months with average litter sizes 2-4 pups/litter, usually two (Compagno 2001, Varghese et al. 2017). Of the thresher sharks, the Bigeye Thresher has the lowest rate of annual increase, estimated at 1.6% under sustainable exploitation (Smith et al. 2008), or 0.002-0.009 (Cortés 2008, Dulvy et al. 2008). Estimated age at maturity is years 12-13 for females, and 9-10 years for males (Liu et al. 1998) (data from Taiwan waters, Northwest Pacific). Longevity is estimated at 20 years for females (19 years for males) (Liu et al.1998). Generation is estimated at 18.5 years based on studies from the east China Sea (Chen and Yuan 2006).

The Hooktooth Shark is found inshore on continental and insular shelves to depths of at least 160 m (Weigmann 2016). This species grows to a maximum size of around 93 cm total length (TL) with males maturing at around 72 cm TL and females at least 83 cm TL (Moore et al. 2012, Moore and Pierce 2013, Jabado et al. 2016). It is thought to be a viviparous species giving birth to four young per litter with pups born at ~20 cm TL. Henderson et al. (2004) provided preliminary ageing data that suggested the maximum age was 11 years and maturity at 5 or 6 years. This suggests a generation length of 8 years.

The Pink Whipray is found on soft sandy bottoms and coral rubble on the inner continental shelf from the intertidal zone to 70 m depth (Last et al. 2016). The species attains a maximum size of at least 146 cm DW (disc width) with males maturing at around 112 cm disc width (DW) (Last et al. 2016). Size at maturity for females is unknown, but reproduction is viviparous with histotrophy (White et al. 2006). Little else is known of its biology. As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~20 years based on data for Blackspotted Whipray (Maculabatis astra) (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). However, it is noted that the Blackspotted Whipray grows to a much smaller maximum size (80 cm DW) than the Pink Whipray (146 cm DW).

The Pelagic Thresher is epipelagic and mesopelagic from the surface to 300 m depth (Weigmann 2016). It attains a maximum size of 365 cm total length (TL). In the Arabian Sea, males are reported to mature at 245-270 cm TL while females mature between 268-286 cm TL (Varghese et al. 2017). The species is lecithotrophic viviparous with oophagy, and a litter size of only two very large (158-190 cm TL) pups. Age at maturity near Taiwan is estimated as 8-9.2 years in females and 7-8 years in males (Liu et al. 1999). Its potential annual rate of population increase under sustainable fishing is thought to be very low and has been estimated at 2-4% (Smith et al. 1998), or 0.033 (Dulvy et al. 2008), compared with the Common Thresher, which is between 4 and 7% (Smith et al. 1998) or 0.254 (Dulvy et al. 2008). Generation length is estimated at 18.6 years (Drew et al. 2015).

The Whitespotted Whipray occurs inshore on soft substrates to depths of at least 60 m (Last et al. 2016). This species attains a maximum size of 116 cm disc width (DW). Males are reported to mature at 48-58 cm DW, with females maturing at 63 cm DW. Litter size is reported as 2-4 pups with size at birth at 13-21 cm DW (Last et al. 2016). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~20 years based on data for Blackspotted Whipray (Maculabatis astra) (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). However, it is noted that the Blackspotted Whipray grows to a smaller maximum size (80 cm DW) than the Whitespotted Whipray (116 cm DW).

The Bignose Shark occurs mainly on the edge of continental shelves in waters to 800 m deep, but is more common between 80 and 220 m with occasional captures in shallow water (Tester 1969). Individuals have been caught at night near the surface over deep water in the Maldives (Anderson and Ahmed 1993) and this species is thought to display diurnal vertical migrations (Anderson and Stevens 1996). It attains a maximum size of 282 cm total length (TL) with an average reproductive age of ~21 years (Compagno 1984, Kohler et al. 1995, Jensen et al. 1996). Males reach maturity at 216 cm TL and females at 226 cm TL. Females are reported to give birth to 1-13 pups per litter with size at birth around 70-90 cm TL.

The Silvertip Shark occurs on the continental shelf, offshore islands, coral reefs, and offshore banks, from surface waters to depths of 600-800 m (Compagno et al. 2005). It is also found inside lagoons, near drop-offs, and offshore (Compagno et al. 2005). The species appears to be relatively site-specific for long periods with limited dispersion, particularly at remote and isolated coral reef habitats around tropical islands or atolls (Barnett et al. 2012, Espinoza et al. 2015). On the continental shelf, larger individuals of the species tend to be more mobile and use larger areas than other common reef shark species (Barnett et al. 2012, Espinoza et al. 2015). The Silvertip Shark also exhibits strong diel behaviour, moving closer to coral reefs and using shallower habitats at night.This species reaches a maximum size of 300 cm total length (TL) (Compagno et al. 2005). Males are reported to mature at 160-180 cm TL and females at 160-199 cm TL (Compagno et al. 2005). White et al. (2006) report that males mature at 190-200 cm TL and females at ~195 cm TL. Reproduction is viviparous, with a yolk sac placenta (Compagno et al. 2005, White et al. 2006, White 2007). In a study conducted in Papua New Guinea, males matured at 175 cm TL and 10.5 years, while females matured at 209 cm TL and 14.8 years, and longevity was estimated as 18-32 years for females (Smart et al. 2017). Females give birth to 1-11 pups per litter (average six) biennially, after a 12 month gestation period (Compagno et al. 2005, White et al. 2006, Last and Stevens 2009). Size at birth is reported at 60-68 cm TL (Compagno et al. 2005) and 73-81 cm TL (White et al. 2006). Young are found in shallow water closer to shore, whereas adults are more wide-ranging (Compagno et al. 2005). Growth appears to be fairly slow at about 9 cm per year for juveniles (Last and Stevens 2009). No estimate of generation length is available for the species, although it can be inferred from its congener, the Pigeye Shark (C. amboinensis), which has a similar maximum size and an estimated generation length of 21.5 years (Tillett et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 15 years and longevity of 18-32 years, its estimated generation length is 16.5-23.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.