Pakistan

Official name
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
ISO alpha-2 code
PK
ISO alpha-3 code
PAK
ISO numeric-3 code
586
Continent
Asia

Crocidura zarudnyi | Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94635
Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
Pakistan
Country ISO code(s)
PAK
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2005
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Semi to hot desert
Taxon
Taxa
Crocidura zarudnyi | Ognev, 1928
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer and L. Ravikumar (Eds.) (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, 618pp.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Assessment rationale/justification
Widely distributed species. No major threats.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Threats not known for this species or the habitat from where it was reported
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan Hingol NP; Ziaret Juniper Forest WS
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan Hingol NP; Ziaret Juniper Forest WS

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Calomyscus hotsoni | Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94593
Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
Pakistan
Country ISO code(s)
PAK
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2005
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Hot Desert
Taxon
Taxa
Calomyscus hotsoni | Thomas, 1920
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Pakistan
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Critically Endangered
Assessment status abreviation
CR
Assessment status criteria
B1ab(ii, iii)
About the assessment
Assessment year
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer and L. Ravikumar (Eds.) (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, 618pp.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species is known only from the type locality
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Yes
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Yes
Endemism specifics: Country Endemic
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Agriculture, settlements, fragmentation
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

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Calomyscus baluchi | Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94592
Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
Pakistan
Country ISO code(s)
PAK
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2005
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Hot Desert
Taxon
Taxa
Calomyscus baluchi | Thomas, 1920
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Afghanistan, Pakistan
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer and L. Ravikumar (Eds.) (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, 618pp.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Assessment rationale/justification
Widely distributed species. No major threats.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Threats not known for this species or the habitat where it occurs
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan: Hazar Ganji NP; Sind: Dureji GR, Kirthar NP
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan: Hazar Ganji NP; Sind: Dureji GR, Kirthar NP

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Allactaga hotsoni | Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94531
Location
Scope (Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries in Assessment
Nepal
India
Pakistan
Myanmar
Vietnam
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Singapore
Country ISO code(s)
NPL
IND
PAK
MMR
VNM
THA
IDN
PHL
SGP
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2005
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Hot desert [Avoids steeper slopes in montane areas and also cold deserts]
Taxon
Taxa
Allactaga hotsoni | Thomas, 1920
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer and L. Ravikumar (Eds.) (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, 618pp.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Assessment rationale/justification
Widely distributed in South Asia. No major threats. Also found in neighbouring region.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Threats not known for this species or the habitat where it occurs
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan: Hazar Ganji NP
Conservation measures notes: None proposed
Required conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan: Hazar Ganji NP

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Allactaga elater | Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94530
Location
Scope (Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries in Assessment
Nepal
India
Pakistan
Myanmar
Vietnam
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Singapore
Country ISO code(s)
NPL
IND
PAK
MMR
VNM
THA
IDN
PHL
SGP
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2005
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Cold desert and plantation tracts
Taxon
Taxa
Allactaga elater | (Lichtenstein, 1825)
Allactaga elater | Lichtenstein, 1828
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Common Names
Small Five-toed Jerboa
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus, China, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Turkey
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer and L. Ravikumar (Eds.) (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, 618pp.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Assessment rationale/justification
Widely distributed in South Asia. No major threats. Also found in neighbouring region.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Threats not known for this species or the habitat where it occurs
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan: Hazar Ganji NP
Conservation measures notes: Management plans, education awareness, research on habitat status, ecology, population numbers and range
Required conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Baluchistan: Hazar Ganji NP

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Acomys dimidiatus | Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94529
Location
Scope (Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries in Assessment
Nepal
India
Pakistan
Myanmar
Vietnam
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Singapore
Country ISO code(s)
NPL
IND
PAK
MMR
VNM
THA
IDN
PHL
SGP
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2005
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Subtropical and tropical dry deciduous and scrub forests
Taxon
Taxa
Acomys dimidiatus | (Cretzschmar, 1826)
Acomys dimidiatus | Cretzschmar, 1826
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Common Names
Arabian Spiny Mouse
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, West Sahara, Yemen
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer and L. Ravikumar (Eds.) (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, 618pp.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species is inferred to be widely distributed in Pakistan, which is only a marginal proportion of its global distribution. Since no threats are inferred, the status remains Least Concern within the region
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Threats not known for this species or the habitat where it occurs
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Sindh: Kirthar NP
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): Pakistan: Sindh: Kirthar NP

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Taphozous theobaldi | Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94506
Location
Scope (Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries in Assessment
Nepal
India
Pakistan
Myanmar
Vietnam
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Singapore
Country ISO code(s)
NPL
IND
PAK
MMR
VNM
THA
IDN
PHL
SGP
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2002
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Ruins temples, dry scrubland, cave dweller
Taxon
Taxa
Taphozous theobaldi | Dobson, 1872
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
India and South East Asia; For detailed distribution information within South Asia, see Molur et al. 2002
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Vulnerable
Assessment status abreviation
VU
Assessment status criteria
A2a
About the assessment
Assessment year
2002
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., Marimuthu, G., Srinivasulu, C., Mistry, S., Hutson, A.M., Bates, P.J.J., Walker, S., Padma Priya, K., Binu Priya, A.R. (Editors). 2002. Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report, 2002. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG South Asia and WILD, Coimbatore, India.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Assessment rationale/justification
Of the six locations having 7,000 bats, one location was burnt which resulted at least 3,000 bats killed.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
South Asian Chiroptera.pdf
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Human interference, cave disturbance.
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): India; Silent Valley NP, Kerala; Bhimshankar WLS, Maharashtra
Conservation measures notes: Recommended: Survey; Monitoring, public awareness
Required conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): India; Silent Valley NP, Kerala; Bhimshankar WLS, Maharashtra

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Taphozous perforatus | Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94505
Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
Pakistan
Country ISO code(s)
PAK
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2002
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Taxon
Taxa
Taphozous perforatus | É. Geoffroy, 1818
Taphozous perforatus | É. Geoffroy, 1818
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Common Names
Egyptian Tomb Bat
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Endemic to South Asia (India, Pakistan); For detailed distribution information within South Asia, see Molur et al. 2002
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2002
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., Marimuthu, G., Srinivasulu, C., Mistry, S., Hutson, A.M., Bates, P.J.J., Walker, S., Padma Priya, K., Binu Priya, A.R. (Editors). 2002. Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report, 2002. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG South Asia and WILD, Coimbatore, India.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
http://www.nationalredlist.org/files/2012/08/Status-of-South-Asian-Chiroptera-2002.pdf
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Human interference, habitat loss.
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes: Recommended: Survey; Monitoring
Required conservation measures:

Further information
Redlist Notes

This national-level assessment was based on information specific to the country, however some of the summary information listed above was taken from the broader regional-level assessments. Local variation in habitat, threats, and conservation measures may occur.

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Taphozous nudiventris | Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report

Publication
Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report
NRL Record ID
94498
Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
Pakistan
Country ISO code(s)
PAK
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes; See Molur et al. 2002
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Temperate, tropical and arid regions.
Taxon
Taxa
Taphozous nudiventris | Cretzschmar, 1830
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Mammals
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Afghanistan, India, Pakistan; For detailed distribution information within South Asia, see Molur et al. 2002
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Least Concern
Assessment status abreviation
LC
About the assessment
Assessment year
2002
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Molur, S., Marimuthu, G., Srinivasulu, C., Mistry, S., Hutson, A.M., Bates, P.J.J., Walker, S., Padma Priya, K., Binu Priya, A.R. (Editors). 2002. Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report, 2002. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG South Asia and WILD, Coimbatore, India.
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
NGO
Assessor affiliation specific
NGO
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii+30pp
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
http://www.nationalredlist.org/files/2012/08/Status-of-South-Asian-Chiroptera-2002.pdf
Supplementary Links

Zoo Outreach Organisation; Threatened Taxa Monitoring System; South Asian Bat Monitoring Programme

Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Habitat loss.
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): India; Kanha NP, Madhya Pradesh
Conservation measures notes: Recommended: Survey; Monitoring
Required conservation measures: Species is present in the following protected area(s): India; Kanha NP, Madhya Pradesh

Further information
Redlist Notes

This national-level assessment was based on information specific to the country, however some of the summary information listed above was taken from the broader regional-level assessments. Local variation in habitat, threats, and conservation measures may occur.

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