Western (1991) considered this species to mostly occur in the Western Region bordering Qatar and Saudi Arabia, whilst MEW (2010) considered the species to be widespread along the Arabian Gulf coast and on sandy and gravelly plains in the northern Emirates. Jongbloed et al. (2003) show a coastal distribution in western and central areas, but extending inland to Jebel Hafeet and east to the east coast of the UAE. According to comments from the UAE National Red List Workshop (15^th-19^th September 2019, Dubai), here, we consider T. qatarensis to have a coastal distribution in addition to being a separate species to T. mandavillei and T. hamiensis. The species has been recorded for Jebel Hafeet (Stuart and Stuart 1998), however Brown et al. (2007) considered the subpopulation there to be distinct, as Zygophyllum cf. migahadii; Feulner (2014) considered the species present on Jebel Hafeet to be T. migahadii, but T. qatarensis to be present to the base of the mountain. Alzahrani and Albokhari (2017, 2018) give the global distribution as Saudi Arabia (eastern region and north-central areas), Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Socotra, Yemen and Iraq.

Within the UAE, it is described as widespread across the Hajar Mountain range (MEW 2010). It is known to occur within Al Ain, Dubai, Shwayb, Madam and Dhaid (Karim and Dakheel 2006). Globally, the native range of this species encompasses the Canary Islands, Mauritania, the Mediterranean, northeast tropical Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Iran (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

In the UAE, this species is widespread in the Hajar Mountains and the Ru'us al-Jibal from c. 200 m asl (Jongbloed et al. 2003) to at least 1,100 m (Feulner 2011). Records include Wadi Shih and Wadi Hayl (Khor Fakhan; Aspinal et al. 1995), and it occurs in Wadi Wurayah National Park (Feulner 2016), south to Wadi Hatta. Globally, this species occurs from north-east Africa and throughout the Arabian Peninsula, to Iran (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2018).

Within the eastern UAE, this is a common and widespread species in the Hajar Mountains (Jongbloed et al. 2003) and Jebel Hafeet (Fawzi and Ksiksi 2012), which can be found from sea level to 1,000 m (MEW 2010). Feulner (2011) reported it to c.1,500 m, although it is more common at low to medium altitudes. Its global distribution is from the Arabian Peninsula to southern Iran and Pakistan (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Within the UAE, it is found from Sweihan, in the centre of the country, towards the sand dunes around Sabkha Matti, in the far west of the country (Jongbloed et al. 2003, G.R. Feulner in litt., MEW 2010). This species is native to the Arabian Peninsula and northwest China (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species is found widespread in several scattered locations throughout the UAE (Jongbloed et al. 2003, MEW 2010). It is recorded from Abu Dhabi Emirate (Brown and Sakkir 2004). The species is globally distributed in the tropical and subtropical Old World and widely introduced in the Americas and in Europe (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2018). The origin of the species is uncertain, and it is possibly native to Southeast Asia and/or Africa (BioNET-EAFRINET 2011, CABI 2019).

Within the UAE, the species is moderately widespread (Jongbloed et al. 2003) along the northern Arabian Gulf north to Ras al Khaimah (Western 1983) and east coasts, Al Ain (Mousa and Fawzi 2009), and on Das Island. The species is also found in Wadi Wurayah National Park (WWNP), where it is a ruderal species seen at donkey resting sites and formerly inhabited terraces, probably facilitated by man and domestic animals (Feulner 2016), and also in the Ru'us al-Jibal, again associated with disturbed ground, trails, and cultivation (Feulner 2011). This species has been considered introduced to the UAE (Pagad et al. 2017), but the majority of the of the UAE native plant working group (June 2019) considered the species to be native and so it is assessed here as such. This species is considered native to large areas of Europe, North and East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and South Asia by Plants of the World Online (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019). However, CABI (2018) consider the species to probably be native to the Mediterranean region, although it has been widely introduced globally.

This species is widespread and common in sands (Jongbloed et al. 2003, MEW 2010, Al Meharibi et al. 2019). The western region of Abu Dhabi Emirate is dominated by this species (Sakkir et al. 2012). Feulner (2016) recorded this species in small numbers at a few localities in Wadi Wurayah National Park, which are likely the result of anthropogenic movement. Regarding global distribution, this plant species is native across western Africa to north-eastern Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula, to India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2018).

This species is widespread on the slopes and foothills of the Hajar Mountains in the UAE. It is also found, although less common, in the Ru'us al-Jibal where it occurs up to 1,550 m asl (Feulner 2011), and it is present on Jebel Hafeet (Jongbloed et al. 2003). This species has been recorded from the Wadi Wurayah National Park (Feulner 2016). The native range is Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean, through the Arabian Peninsula, to Pakistan and Arabian Peninsula (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

In the UAE, this species is widespread in the Hajar Mountains (Jongbloed et al. 2003), extending south to Jebel Hafeet (<a href=""http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00437366"">RBGE Herbarium</a>; lower slopes close to Al Ain, coll. R.A. Western, 1982), and also occurring, rarely, in the Ru'us al-Jibal, with three localities known at low altitudes (Feulner 2011). The global range of this species is across northern Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula, to north-west India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).