This species occurs in deeper waters on rocky reef, and sometimes sandy bottom (Heemstra and Randall 1993, McIlwain et al. 2011). Its maximum total length is 80 cm and may be a protogynous hermaphrodite (Heemstra and Randall 1993).

This species inhabits coastal reefs and lagoons, often over silty bottoms, or near/in caves and holes in the reef (Heemstra and Randall 1993). It also commonly occurs on reefs without high coral cover. Small juveniles (< 6.0 cm total length) mimic Centropyge flavicauda, C. multispinis, and C. flavipectoralis (Snyder et al. 2001). It primarily feeds on small fishes (including Pempheris spp.), also on stomatopods (Pseudosquilla spp.) and crustaceans (Morgans 1982). This species spawns throughout the year and matures at about 35 cm standard length (Morgans 1982). It is not known to form spawning aggregations (Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations database accessed January 2017). In Australia, an experimental line fishing trials examined 52 individuals of this species that measured between 25 to 47 cm total length and reported the ages as ranging from 13 to 18 years (Mapleston et al. 2009).

This species occurs on rock and boulder slopes and also in areas with high coral cover (M. Samoilys pers. comm. 2016). Off southern Oman and eastern Yemen, it is frequently observed on coral reefs between 10 to 15 m depth (J. Kemp pers. comm. 2007). Off Muscat, Oman its preferred habitat is small rocky outcrops at 70-155 m depth. It has also been collected from trawls operating between 33-100 m depth on sandy bottoms (Randall and Heemstra 1991). This species may be a diandric protogynous hermaphrodite (J. McIlwain pers. comm. 2007), but this is not yet confirmed. Peak spawning in Oman occurs from August to October and may also extend into June-July (J. McIlwain pers. comm. 2007). Maximum total length is 120 cm (Bagley et al. 2009). In Oman, it has been aged to 40 years (J. McIlwain unpublished data). Age at first maturity is likely about 3-4 years (H. Choat pers. comm. 2007). When applying an age at first reproduction of 3-4 years and longevity of 40 years, its estimated generation length is 21-22 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits coral and rocky reef, including drop-offs and banks (Randall 1995, Stephenson et al. 2001, J. Robinson pers. comm. 2007). Juveniles can be more common on coral reefs at least in the Gulf, while adults are often found in deeper waters around sandy or rocky substrates (Carpenter et al. 1997a). In general, younger individuals are found in the shallower portion of its range while adults occur deeper (Allen and Erdmann 2012). Spawning aggregations have been reported during peak reproductive months (Wheeler and Ommanney 1953, Robinson et al. 2004), and non-aggregating spawning likely occurs at other times during the year (J. Robinson pers. comm. 2007). Its maximum total length is 90 cm (Allen and Erdmann 2012) and its maximum age is 30 years (Grandcourt 2005). In Australia, females mature at about 41 cm and the species has been aged to at least 22 years (Bray 2016).

The Gulf Torpedo is found in shallow waters in sandy areas and near reefs and also well offshore to 200 m (Compagno et al. 1989). Little known of the species' biology or ecology. It is viviparous, like other electric rays, and reported to have litters of 9 to 22 young (Compagno et al. 1989). It reaches ~130 cm TL, but mostly less than 100 cm TL (Compagno et al. 1989).

The Mottled Eagle Ray is a poorly known species. It occurs on the inner continental shelf to depths of about 60 m over soft sandy substrate (Compagno and Last 1999). The maximum known size of this species is 100 cm disc width (DW) with males maturing by 71 cm DW and a 55 cm DW female not yet mature (Last et al. 2016). Litter size is unknown, but it is born at around 29 cm DW. As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~15 years based on data for the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus), which are reported to have a maximum age of 24 years and an age at maturity of five years (Martin and Cailliet 1988). However, it is noted that the Longhead Eagle Ray reaches a smaller maximum size than this species.

Whitetip Reef Sharks are closely associated with coral reefs in clear, tropical waters. This species is primarily nocturnal, sheltering in caves by day, often communally. Maximum size is around 200 cm total length (TL), but adults are very rare over 160 cm. Maturity is attained at about 105 cm TL, although a mature male of 95 cm TL and a pregnant female of 102 cm TL have been recorded in the Maldives (Anderson and Ahmed 1993). Mating has been recorded in the wild by Tricas and Le Feuvre (1985) and pups are born at 52-60 cm TL after a gestation period of at least five months. Litter size has been recorded as 2-3 in Madagascar (Fourmanoir 1961, Last and Stevens 1994) and 1-5 elsewhere (Randall 1977, Last and Stevens 1994). Growth is slow in the wild, estimated at 2.1-4.2 cm year^-1 (Randall 1977), and it may attain sexual maturity at eight to nine years and live to about 16 years (Randall 1977, Smith et al. 1998). Generation length is estimated to be 12.25 years (Randall 1977).

The Blue Shark is oceanic and pelagic, found from the surface to depths of 1000 m (Weigmann 2016). It occasionally occurs close inshore when the continental shelf is narrow. This species reaches a maximum size of about 380 cm total length (TL). About 50% of males in the Atlantic are sexually mature by 218 cm, although some may reach maturity as small as 182 cm TL. Females are sub-adult from 173-221 cm TL and fully mature from 221 cm TL (Pratt 1979), although pregnant specimens as small as 183 cm TL have been recorded from the eastern Pacific (Williams 1977).Blue Sharks are placentally viviparous, producing litters averaging about 35 pups (maximum recorded 135) after a gestation period of 9-12 months. At birth, pups measure 35-50 cm TL. Reproduction has been reported as seasonal in most areas, with the young often born in spring or summer (Pratt 1979, Stevens 1984, Nakano 1994) although the periods of ovulation and parturition may be extended (Hazin et al. 1994). Ageing studies suggest a longevity of about 20 years with males maturing at 4-6 and females at 5-7 years (Stevens 1975, Cailliet et al. 1983, Nakano 1994). Smith et al. (1998) estimated the intrinsic rate of population increase at MSY to be 0.061.Generation length is estimated to be 10.5 years based on study of Blue Shark in the Northwest Pacific by Nakano (1994).

The Oceanic Whitetip is one of the most widespread sharks, ranging across entire oceans in tropical and subtropical waters. It is an oceanic-epipelagic shark, usually found far offshore in the open sea in waters 230 m deep, between about 30'°N and 35'°S in all oceans; it is normally found in surface waters, although it has been recorded to 1082 m (Weigmann 2016). It has occasionally been recorded inshore, but is more typically found offshore or around oceanic islands and areas with narrow continental shelves (Compagno et al. 2005, Last and Stevens 1994). Temperatures of waters in which it regularly occurs are 18 to 28'°C, with water above 20'°C preferred.The Oceanic Whitetip Shark attains a maximum size of 400 cm total length (TL) (Stevens 1984, Seki et al. 1998). Males mature at about 168 to 198 cm TL and females at 170 to 200 cm TL (Seki et al. 1998). This species is born at about 57 to 77 cm TL after a gestation period of about 10 to 12 months (Compagno et al. 2005), with 15 foetuses recorded from a female of 245 cm TL from the Red Sea (Gohar and Mazure 1964) and larger females appear to carry more young, although there may be regional variation (Bass et al. 1973). Development is viviparous and embryos have a yolk sac placenta that attaches to the uterine wall of the mother (Bigelow and Schroeder 1948). Seki et al. (1998) studied the age, growth and reproduction of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark in the north Pacific. Both male and female Oceanic Whitetip Sharks matured at 4 to 5 years of age. In the western North Pacific, the size and age at first maturity was 190-193.4 cm TL and 8-5-8.8 years for females and 172-194.4 cm TL and 6.8-8.9 years for males (Joung et al. 2016). Smith et al. (1998) investigated the intrinsic rebound potential of Pacific sharks and found that oceanic whitetips to be among a moderate rebound potential, because of their relatively fast growth and early maturation. The species is estimated from a lifetable model created based on the WCPFC stock assessment to have a generation length of 16.4 years (M. J. Juan Jordá unpubl. data - based on the WCPFC stock assessment).