This species occurs along sheltered coasts, at estuaries and tidal lagoons, as well as at fresh and brackish shallow ponds further inland and at water treatment plants (Richardson 1990, Aspinall and Porter 2011). There is no information available about its diet in the UAE; elsewhere, this species is omnivorous and opportunistic, its diet consisting of algae, seeds, tubers, and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants, sedges and grasses, as well as aquatic invertebrates, amphibians and small fish (Johnsgard 1978, Brown et al. 1982, del Hoyo et al. 1992, Hockey et al. 2005). The species is migratory. Individuals wintering in the UAE breed in solitary pairs or loose groups between April and June in sub-Arctic regions (Madge and Burn 1988, Richardson 1990, del Hoyo et al. 1992). The species is highly gregarious in winter and on passage, often forming enormous concentrations (Madge and Burn 1988, Scott and Rose 1996). It feeds nocturnally; flocks roost by day on open water (Brown et al. 1982, Hockey et al. 2005). The species is shy and rarely remains at the same site over the winter (Richardson 1990).

This species occurs on arid and semi-arid rocky slopes and hillsides with low vegetation cover and occasional stunted trees and bushes (Watson 1962, Papaevangelou 1980, Jennings 2010, Aspinall and Porter 2011). It is found mainly between 500 and 1,500 m, but ranges down to 200 m during foraging trips, when it also occurs on agricultural land (Pantelis 1980, Papaevangelou 1980, Serez 1992, Khan et al. 2009, Aspinall and Porter 2011). There is little known about the diet of the species in the UAE, but individuals in Musandam (Oman) have been observed feeding on berries (Jennings 2010). Elsewhere in the Middle East, the species also takes seeds of grasses and weeds, leaves and insects (Jennings 2010). Availability of water influences population density, even though birds will move up to 10 km to access water (Watson 1962), and likely limits a range expansion in eastern Arabia (Jennings 2010). There is no information available on the breeding behaviour of the species in the UAE. In Musandam (Oman), nests were made of twigs and placed in shallow depressions on gravelly ground, hidden under bushes at the edge of cultivated or grassy fields (Jennings 2010). These nests contained eggs in February and March, while juveniles were recorded in June (Jennings 2010). It is unclear if there is competition for feeding sources and nesting sites with Sand Partridge Ammoperdix heyi (Jennings 2010).

The Longhead Eagle Ray occurs primarily inshore on the inner continental shelf, and is associated with estuarine habitats (Last et al. 2016), especially where it occurs in the Arabian Gulf (Bishop et al. 2016). It attains a maximum size of 90 cm disc width (DW) with males mature at 50 cm DW and females at 75 cm DW (White and Moore 2013). Size at birth is unknown but the smallest free-swimming individual examined was 23 cm DW. Little else is known of the biology of this species. However, it is suspected to exhibit low fecundity as with other myliobatids which bear litters of up to four offspring (Compagno and Last 1999). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~15 years based on data for the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus) which are reported to have a maximum age of 24 years and an age at maturity of five years (Martin and Cailliet 1988). However, it is noted that the Longhead Eagle Ray reaches a smaller maximum size than this species.

The biology of the Ocellate Eagle Ray is poorly known, but it likely inhabits inshore areas over soft bottoms to depths of 90 m (Last et al. 2016, Weigmann 2016). This eagle ray displays aggregating behaviour. It reaches a maximum size of 123 cm disc width (DW), and males mature at 50 cm DW (R.W. Jabado pers. comm. 09/02/2017). Female maturity and size at birth are unknown. The species is suspected to have low fecundity similar to other eagle rays, which bear litters of up to four offspring (Compagno and Last 1999, Last and Stevens 2009). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~15 years based on data for the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus) which are reported to have a maximum age of 24 years and an age at maturity of five years (Martin and Cailliet 1988). However, it is noted that the Ocellate Eagle Ray reaches a smaller maximum size than this species.

The Whitecheek Shark is a small species of carcharhinid shark that is common in inshore waters over soft substrates at depths of 0-100 m (Weigmann 2016). It reaches a maximum size of 114 cm total length (TL) (Raeisi et al. 2017). Size at birth is around 28-40 cm TL. This species is placental viviparous and produces litters of 2-5 each year. A study conducted off Iran in the Arabian Gulf reported a longevity of 8 and 13 years for males and females, and both females and males matured at lengths between 60 to 68 cm (Raeisi et al. 2017). Age at maturity data are not available for this species, but the Atlantic Sharpnose Shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae), which reaches a similar maximum size of 96 cm TL (Carlson and Baremore 2003), is applied as a proxy for age at maturity (3-4 years for females and 2-3.5 years for males). When applying an age at first reproduction of 3 years and longevity of 13 years, its estimated generation length is 8 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species schools in shallow, coastal waters to 40 m depth (Woodland 1984). It usually observed on rocky and sandy seaweed bottoms (Carpenter et al. 1997a), in and around the mouths of rivers in turbulent waters (Woodland 2001), and on hard-bottom structures (E. Abdulqader pers. comm. 2014). School size decreases with age, and juveniles often occur in very large schools in shallow bays and coral reef flats. This species feeds by scraping algae from rocks and corals, and to a lesser extent on seagrasses (Woodland 1984, 2001). The maximum total length is 30 cm (Randall 1995). Spawning appears to be synchronized with the lunar cycle and it is a multiple spawner (Hoque et al. 1999). Longevity is estimated as 7.8 years off UAE and mean size and age at first sexual maturity are 21.5 cm fork length and 1.9 years for males and 25.7 cm and 2.1 years for females (Grandcourt et al. 2007). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 8 years, its estimated generation length is 5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This speciesinhabits shallow, coastal coral reefs and isolated coral heads of lagoons. It forms schools around isolated patch reefs. Juveniles generally occur in weedy areas (Smith and McKay 1986, Baillon and Kulbicki 1988, Wantiez and Kulbicki 1995). This species also occurs over mud, sand and silt bottoms in protected bays or estuaries, around outcrops, wreckage and debris (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001, Allen and Erdmann 2012). It primarily consumes benthic invertebrates and fish (McKay 1984). The maximum fork length is 100 cm (Torres 1991). This species spawns between April to May and November in the southern Arabian Gulf (Grandcourt et al. 2006, 2011). Natural mortality was estimated at 0.13 year^-1 (Grandcourt et al. 2006). Estimated mean female fork length and age at first sexual maturity is 35.7 cm and 2.9 years for females and 26.7 cm and 0.5 years for males and longevity is about 11 years (Grandcourt et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 3 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 7 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits nearshore and offshore coral reefs, coralline lagoons, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, coastal sand and rock areas to depths of 75 m (Carpenter and Allen 1989). It is occasionally observed in small aggregations (Randall 1995), but adults typically occur singly. It primarily consumes molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms and less often polychaetes and fishes (Carpenter and Allen 1989). The maximum total length is 87 cm (Assadi and Dehghani 1997). This species undergoes a protogynous sex change that occurs over a wide range of year groups starting with age 1, well before maturity (McPherson et al. 1985). Longevity is estimated to be 14-26 years (Mathews and Samuel 1991, Edwards and Shaher 1991, Dalzell et al. 1996, Grandcourt 2006, Ebisawa and Ozawa 2009). Off the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, the age of 50% ovarian maturity was 4 years (Ebisawa and Ozawa 2009). This species forms spawning aggregations (Salem 1999). In the southern Arabian Gulf, spawning occurs between April to May, the mean size and age at first sexual maturity for males and females to be 19.4 cm and 0.5 years for males and 28.9 cm and 2.7 years for females, and maximum age was 11 years (Grandcourt et al. 2006 and 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 3 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 7 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This pelagic and oceanodromous species occurs from near the edge of the continental shelf to shallow coastal waters, often of low salinity and high turbidity. Juveniles inhabit estuaries and nearshore habitats. It is also found in drop-offs, and shallow or gently sloping reef and lagoon waters, and is more frequently caught in waters shallower than 100 m depth (Collette 2001). It undertakes lengthy long-shore migrations, but permanent resident populations also seem to exist. It occurs in small schools and primarily consumes small fishes like anchovies, clupeids and carangids, but also squid and penaeid shrimps. It spawns off reef slopes and edges, and forms spawning aggregations in specific areas. Depending on temperature regime, the spawning season may be more or less extended. Off Iran, spawning occurs mostly from June to September (Darvishi et al. 2011) and in May and June off Oman (Claereboudt et al. 2005). It possibly migrates from Omani waters to the Iranian coast in the Gulf during spawning season (Claereboudt et al. 2005, Darvishi et al. 2011). It has an age at first maturity of about 2 years (Devaraj 1981, Mackie et al. 2003, Claereboudt et al. 2005, Grandcourt et al. 2005). In north Queensland, Australia the oldest male was 10 years at 127 cm and the oldest female was 14 years and 155 cm. This species may live up to 15 years (IOTC 2006), 16 years (Grandcourt et al. 2005), and maybe as long as 22 years (Mackie et al. 2003). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 16 years, its estimated generation length is 9 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species is associated with reefs in shallow coastal waters and also occurs in estuaries and bays (Sommer et al. 1996, Y. Iwatsuki pers. comm. 2009). Prey items consist mainly of molluscs and other benthic invertebrates (Masuda and Allen 1993). It occurs in small schools (Lieske and Myers 1994) and can attain 50 cm total length (Sommer et al. 1996). It is suspected to be protogynous and spawning in the southern Arabian Gulf occurs from January to April. Spawning aggregations have been observed off Oman (Y. Iwatsuki pers. comm. 2009). Sexual maturity is attained at 26.4 cm fork length or 4.6 years for females and 21.9 cm or 2.4 years for males (Grandcourt et al. 2004). It has been recorded to a maximum age of 19-21 years (Samuel and Mathews 1987, Grandcourt et al. 2004). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4.5 years and longevity of 20 years, its estimated generation length is 12.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.