The National Red List Project

Please note, this National Red List website contains a subset of data whilst we transition to national focal point driven data uploads. We thank you for your patience with this and welcome national contributors to get in touch to update their national dataset. Terms of Use including citation guidance are found here.

The previous dataset is available via: https://archive.nationalredlist.org/. This site is no longer updated but can help with most enquiries whilst we focus on redevelopment.

VU

Subscribe to VU
Assessment ID
322109
Taxon name
Myotis bechsteinii
(Kuhl, 1817)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Myotis bechsteinii
(Kuhl, 1817)
Common name(s)
Bechsteinfledermaus
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
chiroptera
Family
vespertilionidae
Genus
Myotis
Species
bechsteinii
Species authority
(Kuhl, 1817)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
Austria
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
Austria
Country ISO code(s)
AUT
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Spitzenberger, F.
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN
Reference for methods given
Zulka et al. 2001 Grundlagen zur Fortschreibung der Roten Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Agency Ltd), Vienna. http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/M135.pdf
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/naturschutz/rotelisten/downloads-rl-tiere
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter
Zulka, K. P. (Red.) (2005) Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter. Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Band 14/1 (Gesamtherausgeberin Ruth Wallner). Böhlau, Wien: 45-62.
Assessment ID
322108
Taxon name
Microtus oeconomus
(Pallas, 1770)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Microtus oeconomus
(Pallas, 1770)
Common name(s)
Sumpfwühlmaus
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
rodentia
Family
cricetidae
Genus
Microtus
Species
oeconomus
Species authority
(Pallas, 1770)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
Austria
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
Austria
Country ISO code(s)
AUT
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Spitzenberger, F.
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN
Reference for methods given
Zulka et al. 2001 Grundlagen zur Fortschreibung der Roten Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Agency Ltd), Vienna. http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/M135.pdf
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/naturschutz/rotelisten/downloads-rl-tiere
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter
Zulka, K. P. (Red.) (2005) Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter. Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Band 14/1 (Gesamtherausgeberin Ruth Wallner). Böhlau, Wien: 45-62.
Assessment ID
322107
Taxon name
Eptesicus serotinus
(Schreber, 1774)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Eptesicus serotinus
(Schreber, 1774)
Common name(s)
Breitflügelfledermaus
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
chiroptera
Family
vespertilionidae
Genus
Eptesicus
Species
serotinus
Species authority
(Schreber, 1774)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
Austria
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
Austria
Country ISO code(s)
AUT
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Spitzenberger, F.
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN
Reference for methods given
Zulka et al. 2001 Grundlagen zur Fortschreibung der Roten Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Agency Ltd), Vienna. http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/M135.pdf
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/naturschutz/rotelisten/downloads-rl-tiere
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter
Zulka, K. P. (Red.) (2005) Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter. Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Band 14/1 (Gesamtherausgeberin Ruth Wallner). Böhlau, Wien: 45-62.
Assessment ID
322106
Taxon name
Crocidura russula
Linnaeus, 1758
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Crocidura russula
Linnaeus, 1758
Common name(s)
Hausspitzmaus
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
soricomorpha
Family
soricidae
Genus
Crocidura
Species
russula
Species authority
Linnaeus, 1758
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
Austria
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
Austria
Country ISO code(s)
AUT
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Spitzenberger, F.
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN
Reference for methods given
Zulka et al. 2001 Grundlagen zur Fortschreibung der Roten Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Agency Ltd), Vienna. http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/M135.pdf
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/naturschutz/rotelisten/downloads-rl-tiere
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter
Zulka, K. P. (Red.) (2005) Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter. Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Band 14/1 (Gesamtherausgeberin Ruth Wallner). Böhlau, Wien: 45-62.
Assessment ID
322105
Taxon name
Cricetus cricetus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Cricetus cricetus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Common name(s)
Hamster
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
rodentia
Family
cricetidae
Genus
Cricetus
Species
cricetus
Species authority
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
Austria
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
Austria
Country ISO code(s)
AUT
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Spitzenberger, F.
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN
Reference for methods given
Zulka et al. 2001 Grundlagen zur Fortschreibung der Roten Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Agency Ltd), Vienna. http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/M135.pdf
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/naturschutz/rotelisten/downloads-rl-tiere
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter
Zulka, K. P. (Red.) (2005) Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter. Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Band 14/1 (Gesamtherausgeberin Ruth Wallner). Böhlau, Wien: 45-62.
Assessment ID
322104
Taxon name
Barbastella barbastellus
(Schreber, 1774)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Barbastella barbastellus
(Schreber, 1774)
Common name(s)
Mopsfledermaus
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
chiroptera
Family
vespertilionidae
Genus
Barbastella
Species
barbastellus
Species authority
(Schreber, 1774)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
Austria
Scope (of the Assessment)
National
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
Austria
Country ISO code(s)
AUT
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2005
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Spitzenberger, F.
Criteria system used
Modified IUCN
Reference for methods given
Zulka et al. 2001 Grundlagen zur Fortschreibung der Roten Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Agency Ltd), Vienna. http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/M135.pdf
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/naturschutz/rotelisten/downloads-rl-tiere
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Not assigned
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter
Zulka, K. P. (Red.) (2005) Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere österreichs. Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 1: Säugetiere, Vögel, Heuschrecken, Wasserkäfer, Netzflügler, Schnabelfliegen, Tagfalter. Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Band 14/1 (Gesamtherausgeberin Ruth Wallner). Böhlau, Wien: 45-62.
Assessment ID
319835
Taxon name
Paraxerus palliatus subsp. ornatus
(Gray, 1864)
Infrarank
Paraxerus palliatus ornatus
Infratype
Subspecies (animalia)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Paraxerus palliatus subsp. ornatus
(Gray, 1864)
Common name(s)
Ngoye Red Squirrel
Assessed taxon level
Subspecies
Infrarank
Paraxerus palliatus ornatus
Infratype
Subspecies (animalia)
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
rodentia
Family
sciuridae
Genus
Paraxerus
Species
palliatus subsp. ornatus
Species authority
(Gray, 1864)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland
Scope (of the Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
South Africa
Lesotho
Eswatini
Country ISO code(s)
ZAF
LSO
SWZ
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2016
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Louw S, Coverdale B, Child MF
Criteria system used
IUCN
Reference for methods given
IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp; IUCN (2012) Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.ewt.org.za/Reddata/reddata.html
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Yes
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho
Child MF, Roxburgh L, Do Linh San E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT, editors. The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
Assessment ID
319825
Taxon name
Mystromys albicaudatus
(A. Smith, 1834)
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Mystromys albicaudatus
(A. Smith, 1834)
Common name(s)
White-tailed Rat
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
rodentia
Family
nesomyidae
Genus
Mystromys
Species
albicaudatus
Species authority
(A. Smith, 1834)
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland
Scope (of the Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
South Africa
Lesotho
Eswatini
Country ISO code(s)
ZAF
LSO
SWZ
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2016
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Avenant NL, Wilson B, Power RJ, Palmer G, Child MF
Criteria system used
IUCN
Reference for methods given
IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp; IUCN (2012) Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.ewt.org.za/Reddata/reddata.html
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Yes
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho
Child MF, Roxburgh L, Do Linh San E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT, editors. The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
Assessment ID
319791
Taxon name
Dasymys robertsii
Mullin, Taylor & Pillay, 2004
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Dasymys robertsii
Mullin, Taylor & Pillay, 2004
Common name(s)
Robert's Marsh Rat
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
rodentia
Family
muridae
Genus
Dasymys
Species
robertsii
Species authority
Mullin, Taylor & Pillay, 2004
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland
Scope (of the Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
South Africa
Lesotho
Eswatini
Country ISO code(s)
ZAF
LSO
SWZ
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2016
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Pillay N, Taylor PJ, Baxter RM, Jewitt D, Pence G, Child MF
Criteria system used
IUCN
Reference for methods given
IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp; IUCN (2012) Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.ewt.org.za/Reddata/reddata.html
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
No
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho
Child MF, Roxburgh L, Do Linh San E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT, editors. The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
Assessment ID
319789
Taxon name
Dasymys capensis
Roberts, 1936
Uploaded by
National Red List Database
Taxonomic information
Scientific name
Dasymys capensis
Roberts, 1936
Common name(s)
Cape Marsh Rat
Assessed taxon level
Species
Higher level taxonomic groupings
Vertebrates
Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
chordata
Class
mammalia
Order
rodentia
Family
muridae
Genus
Dasymys
Species
capensis
Species authority
Roberts, 1936
Location and scope
Specific locality or subnational name or regional name
South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland
Scope (of the Assessment)
Regional (multi-national)
Countries included within the scope of the assessment
South Africa
Lesotho
Eswatini
Country ISO code(s)
ZAF
LSO
SWZ
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Not_assigned
Conservation Status
Assessed as
Vulnerable
Abbreviated status
VU
Criteria system used
IUCN

(see Assessment details)

Assessment details
Year assessed
2016
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
Pillay N, Taylor PJ, Baxter RM, Jewitt D, Pence G, Child MF
Criteria system used
IUCN
Reference for methods given
IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp; IUCN (2012) Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
URL (link) of redlist assessment or publication
https://www.ewt.org.za/Reddata/reddata.html
Further information
Endemism (according to assessment)
Endemic to region
Yes
Is there a map available in assessment?
Not_assigned
Habitat and systems
Ecological system type
Terrestrial
Not_assigned
Freshwater
Not_assigned
Marine
Not_assigned
Publication
The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho
Child MF, Roxburgh L, Do Linh San E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT, editors. The 2016 Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.