A government assessmentin 1986 estimated the population to consist of 130,000individuals across 115,000 km2 (Dulamtseren et al.,1989), declining to 8,000-10,000 individuals in 15provinces in 2004, representing a 92% decline over thepast 18 years (Zahler et al., 2004). Generation lengthhas been estimated as six years based on data from Nowak (1991). This species qualifi esas Critically Endangered under Criterion A2acd, as there has been an observed decline ofgreater then 80% over the past three generations, primarily due to exploitation, but alsoresulting from habitat loss. As the causes of this decline are expected to continue over thenext three generations, Cervus elaphus also qualifi es as Critically Endangered under CriterionA3d. There is a potential rescue effect from populations in Russia, but further information on132population status and hunting pressure on this population is required, therefore the assessmentremains unchanged following application of regional criteria.

Previously categorised as Extinct in the Wild from the 1960s untilthe most recent assessment in 1996. However, successful reintroductions at Hustai NationalPark, Tahiin Tal Nature Reserve, and Homiin Tal have qualifi ed this species for reassessment.The population now consists of greater than 250 mature individuals of which many have hadviable offspring. This species would qualify for Endangered if it were not for the fi ve yearrule which requires that a species must not meet any of the criteria of the higher category ofthreat for at least fi ve years before it can be listed in a lower category of threat. Therefore,Przewalski's horse is currently listed as Critically Endangered and if current trends continue itwill be listed as Endangered in the near future. This taxon is threatened by hybridisation withdomestic horses, loss of genetic diversity, and disease. The assessment remains unchangedfollowing application of regional criteria as there is no immigration from adjacent countries.