Threats are unknown.

Fishing activity is not known to be driving declines in the UAE at this time. Corals in the UAE and Arabian Gulf have severely declined due to the increasing frequency of mass bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures, which is a consequence of climate change, as well as pervasive coastal development (Riegl et al. 2018, Burt et al. 2019).

Overexploitation is a potential major threat in parts of its range. Corals in the UAE and Arabian Gulf have severely declined due to the increasing frequency of mass bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures, which is a consequence of climate change, as well as pervasive coastal development (Riegl et al. 2018, Burt et al. 2019).

This species may be negatively impacted in areas where it is heavily exploited (e.g., India, Pakistan and Iran).

Fishing activity is not known to be driving declines approaching a Near Threatened or threatened level in the UAE at this time. Declines due to overexploitation have been reported elsewhere, including Iran (Pauly and Zeller 2015). Corals in the UAE and Arabian Gulf have severely declined due to the increasing frequency of mass bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures, which is a consequence of climate change, as well as pervasive coastal development (Riegl et al. 2018, Burt et al. 2019).

Fishing activity is not expected to driving declines in the UAE at this time.

Threats are unknown.

There are no known major threats to this species in the UAE or immediately surrounding areas.

There are no known major threats in the UAE at this time. In general, the habitat of this species is likely impacted by reduction of river discharge, which increases local salinity. Take of immature individuals in shrimp trawl fisheries may also cause declines (Kazemi et al. 2013).

The species is trapped and used extensively in falconry, although the population-level impacts of this are uncertain (Aspinall 1996, White;et al.;2013). Most trapping within UAE would likely be with Saker Falcon as the target species, but because Peregrines (including Barbary Falcons) are more common, they are likely to be trapped more readily that Sakers (Aspinall 1996). While this is likely to be biased towards juvenile individuals being trapped, it could still pose a significant threat to adult birds if trapping occurs in areas with local breeding populations (Aspinall 1996).Outside of the UAE, persecution throughout its range was the major threat in the 19^th and early 20^th centuries (Snow and Perrins 1998). Severe global population declines in the 1960s-1970s were driven by eggshell breakage and mortality of adults and embryos from the hydrocarbon contamination associated with pesticides of that time (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, White;et al.;2013). Rock climbing activities pose a threat to the species's nest sites (Global Raptor Information Network 2015). It is highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (STRIX 2012).