In the UAE, the species is found in coastal areas close to the western border, from Sila to Jebel Dhanna, to at least between Abu Dhabi and Dubai (Western 1983). Karim and Dakheel (2006) considered it common ""...all over the UAE: abundant along the Arabian Gulf coast, throughout western dunes and saline plains, and across the central desert"". However, according to participants of the National UAE Red List Workshop 15^th-19^th September 2019, Dubai), this plant may not be a coastal species after all. This highlights further confusion over the correct distribution of Tetraena hamiensis within the UAE. <u></u>In accordance with the outcomes of the UAE National Red List Workshop (15^th-19^th September 2019, Dubai), here, we consider Tetraena mandavillei to be a synonym of Tetraena hamiensis, and it is therefore included under this species assessment. The global range of this species spans from the north-east of Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula and on to Iran (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species is widespread in the Hajar Mountains and their foothills (MEW 2010). Feulner (2014) found the species along the ridges and subsidiary ridges and the upper ravines and summit cliffs in the 'Olive Highlands' of the southern Hajar Mountain in the UAE. In the Ru'us al-Jibal, Feulner (2011) found the species at lower altitudes, although distribution in the UAE parts of the Ru'us al-Jibal, uncertain. The species has been reported from Wadi Wurayah National Park (Feulner 2014). R.A Western collected the species (as S. flavus subsp. breviflorus) from Jebel Hafeet (<a href=""http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00516385"">RBGE Herbarium, 1983</a>). Plants of the World online (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019) gives the native range as the eastern Mediterranean (Syria to Egypt (Sinai)), omitting the Arabian Peninsula.

In the UAE, the species is known from a very small number of records from higher elevations (900-1,800 m elevation; M. Tsaliki pers. comm. 2019) in the Ru'us al-Jibal. Feulner (2011) reported a single locality in the southern Ru'us al-Jibal, but commented that it is probably overlooked elsewhere and later found a second record in the same area (G.R. Feulner, in litt, in MEW 2010). It has also been recorded from Jebel Jais at high elevation (M. Tsaliki pers. comm. 2019). The global range of this species is the eastern Himalaya and western Himalaya regions, according to Plants of the World Online (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019). Ohba and Rajbhandari (2012) give the range as Nepal, western Himalaya (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan) and southwest Asia. Iran and China are cited by Flora Iranica (Rechinger 1963-2010). The species has recently been reported for Oman (Patzelt 2015).

This species is widespread in the lower mountains and adjacent alluvial plains of the UAE (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It is also known to occasionally occur in the Ru'us al-Jibal, at elevations up to at least 1,200 m (Feulner 2011). It occurs in the Wadi Wurayah National Park in the UAE (Judas 2016). <a href=""https://data.rbge.org.uk/search/herbarium/?family=&genus=Heliotropium&species=&coll_name=&coll_num=&barcode=&country_name=United+Arab+Emirates&region=&major_taxon=&cfg=vherb.cfg&keywords="">RBGE Herbarium</a> holds ten specimens of Heilotropium calcareum that have since been re-determined (H. Akhani) as H. brevilimbe. Globally, the native range of this species encompasses Pakistan, India, Oman and the Gulf States.

Within the UAE, this species is known from one hillside on the northern slopes of Jebel Naqab within the Ru'us al-Jibal (Feulner 2011). It has been recorded from a single locality within this area (MEW 2010). All known individuals have been found in localities inaccessible to livestock. Globally, this species is native to dry and tropical Africa, in addition to the Arabian Peninsula, India and Sri Lanka (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species was cited for the UAE by Jongbloed et al. (2000), and Jongbloed et al. (2003) mention records from Ajman and Dubai by A.R.Western and U. Deil. Globally, the species is restricted to the Gulf States and Iran (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

MEW (2010) state that the species treated by Jongbloed et al. (2003) as Senna alexandrina (from Ras al Khaimah and Rams) in fact refers to S. holoserica, however, this requires confirmation (G.R. Feulner pers. comm. 2019) and the distribution of S. holosericea in the UAE is uncertain. Globally, the native range of this species extends from Somalia and Egypt to the Arabian Peninsula and on to India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Within the UAE, the only record comes from the northern mountains, however this needs to be confirmed (MEW 2010). It is possible that this species has been misidentified within the UAE, or that records mentioned by MEW (2010) actually occur within Oman. Globally, this species occurs in Oman and from Iran to Pakistan (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019). Plants of the World Online does not list the UAE as native country of occurrence for this species (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

In the UAE, this species occurs along the Arabian Gulf coast. Its range along the coast is considered to be fragmented. Globally, this species occurs from the Canary Islands, through Europe and northern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Within the UAE, the species was listed for the UAE by Jongbloed et al. (2000). It is recorded from the Ru'us al-Jibal with two known records (Feulner 2011). Due to the lack of confirmed records, the species should be considered as 'uncertain' within the UAE (G.R. Feulner, in litt., MEW 2010). The species was recorded from the Musandam Mountains of northern Oman by Western (1991). The native range of this species encompasses the eastern Mediterranean and Central Asia (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).