This species inhabits a variety of inshore habitats, including coral reefs. Juveniles are sometimes found in mangrove swamps and estuaries (Randall 2005). Adults typically school on coastal reefs and in deep lagoons (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). This species is often found in large aggregations with Lutjanus kasmira and L. lutjanus (Lieske and Myers 1994). It consumes fishes, shrimps, crabs and other crustaceans and its maximum total length is 35 cm (Allen 1985). The reproductive lifespan is estimated at 15.5 years (Martinez-Andrade 2003). Spawning in the southern Arabian Gulf occurs from April to June, maximum observed age was 14.3 years and the mean age and size at sexual maturity was 1.6 years and 16.7 cm for males and 1.9 years and 18.7 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2006). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 14.5 years, its estimated generation length is 8.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This reef-associated species inhabits sheltered lagoons and exposed, outer slope coral reefs (Anderson and Allen 2001). It is frequently encountered in large aggregations of 100 or more individuals. Juveniles are solitary and inhabit shallow areas in protected bays with algae and rubble substrates (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). It feeds mainly on fishes and crustaceans (Allen 1984). It reaches a maximum total length of about 38 cm, but is more commonly seen to 20 cm (Anderson and Allen 2001). The maximum ageis 32 years off Australia (Anderson et al. 2003). The age at maturity is 2.9 years, the reproductive lifespan is estimated at 23.9 years and the natural mortality is 0.84 (Martinez-Andrade 2003).

This species inhabits offshore coral reefs and trawling grounds. It is frequently encountered in large schools with other Lutjanus species (Lieske and Myers 1994), and feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Sommer et al. 1996). Its maximum size is about 30 cm, but more commonly to 20 cm and maturity is reached at 12 cm (Anderson and Allen 2001). The age at maturity is 1.1 years and the reproductive lifespan is estimated at 4.5 years (Martinez-Andrade 2003). The estimated maximum age is at least 11 years (Anderson and Allen 2001). When applying an age at first reproduction of 1.5 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 6.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This pelagic species occurs in oceanic waters. It has a semi-obligate commensalism with large sharks, rays, other fishes, turtles, ships, and driftwood. Juveniles are often associated with seaweeds and jellyfishes. Larvae are epipelagic in ocean waters. Prey items include host's food scraps and small invertebrates. The only available data on maximum age (three years) is based on a few specimens kept in captivity (Reñones et al. 1999). Maximum size attained is 63 cm fork length, but common to 35 cm (Smith-Vaniz 2016).

This species forms large inshore schools, usually in shallow waters (Smith-Vaniz 1984). It also occurs over shallow reefs or in turbid water. It can be associated with Whale Sharks (W. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2013). Maximum size is to 27 cm standard length, but is common to ~24 cm fork length (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It feeds mostly at night on large planktonic animals; juveniles feed mostly on crustaceans (euphasiids, decapods) and adults are active predators of fish larvae and early juveniles (Roux and Conand 2000). In Hawaii, size at maturity is <20 cm standard length (Clarke and Privitera 1995). Its life cycle is rapid and short (Roos et al. 2007).

This species schools in open water, occasionally over outer reefs and frequently around islands. It feeds primarily on zooplankton (Cervigón et al. 1992, Smith-Vaniz 1995). The maximum size is 46 cm total length, and is common to about 25 cm fork length (Smith-Vaniz 2002, Jiménez and Béarez 2004). In Japan, the length at 50% maturity of females was estimated at 25.8 cm and age at maturity at two years old (Shiraishi et al. 2010). In Cape Verde, length at first maturity is 22 cm (Monteiro pers. comm. 2012).

This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species that is also epipelagic in neritic and oceanic waters (Collette 1995). Adults are coastal or near-coastal, while juveniles are more widely spread throughout the ocean. It feeds on small fish, squids, planktonic crustaceans (megalops), and stomatopod larvae. Its maximum fork length is 62 cm. Longevity is approximately 4 years (Muthiah 1985, Yesaki and Arce 1994, Collette 2010). In the southern Indian Ocean, spawning extends from August to April, north of the equator from January to April at sea surface temperatures of 24'°C or higher (Klawe 1963, Collette 2010).

This pelagic and oceanodromous species occurs in open waters, but always remains close to the shoreline. It is found to 50 m depth. The young may enter bays and harbours. It forms multi-species schools by size with other scombrid species, comprised of 100 to over 5,000 individuals. It is a highly opportunistic predator that feeds indiscriminately on small fishes, especially clupeoids and atherinids (Griffiths et al. 2009). Its maximum fork length is 100 cm. This species spawns extensively, both geographically and temporally, throughout its range (Schaefer 2001). Size at first maturity off Pakistan was 37.7 cm and longevity was about 9 years (Ahmed et al. 2015). A study conducted in Taiwan reported the age at first maturity to be 2 years (Chiou et al. 2004). Longevity has been estimated at 6 years (Landau 1965). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 6 years, its estimated generation length is 4 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This common, coastal pelagic species forms large schools in bays, harbors and deep lagoons, usually in some turbid plankton-rich waters. It feeds on phytoplankton (diatoms) and small zooplankton (cladocerans, ostracods, larval polychaetes, etc.). There are many reports on life history and other information for this species compared to other Rastrelliger species (Noble and Geetha 1992). Size at first maturity is approximately 17-“20 cm (Tampubolon and Merta 1987, Sivadas et al. 2006), and longevity is estimated to be approximately four years (Mehanna 2001). This is a fast-growing species, and age at first maturity is expected to occur during the first year (Jayabalan et al. 2016). When applying an age at first reproduction of 1 years and longevity of 4 years, its estimated generation length is 2.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This pelagic and oceanodromous species is found in offshore waters to depths of 260 m. It exhibits a strong tendency to school in surface waters with birds, drifting objects, sharks, and whales. It feeds on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and molluscs and is preyed upon by large pelagic fishes (Kailola et al. 1993). In the western Atlantic, it is commonly found in mixed schools with Blackfin Tuna, Thunnus atlanticus.This species is very fast-growing, short-lived, and very fecund. Its maximum fork length is 111 cm (Bayliff 1988) and longevity is estimated to be between 6-“8 years (Garcia-Coll et al. 1985, Collette 2010). The age of first maturity is estimated to be 1.5 years (Maunder and Harley 2005) with a fork length at first maturity of 40-“55 cm, depending on the area (Collette and Nauen 1983, Matsumoto et al. 1984, Cayre and Farrugio 1986, Wild and Hampton 1994, Stequert and Ramcharrun 1996, Schaefer 2001). This species spawns several times per season in batches (Erdman 1977, Collette 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 1.5 years and longevity of 7 years, its estimated generation length is 4.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.