This species inhabits clear, coastal coral and rocky reefs. It occurs singly or in small groups (Allen 1985, Wilkens 2005). The maximum total length is 40 cm (Randall 1995, Field 2013). Along the southern Omani coast, it has a prolonged breeding season (August to March) with peak spawning occurring in October and January. The total length and age at first maturity is 28.1 cm and 2.9 yrs for males and 29.7 cm and 4.3 years for females and it has been aged up to 18 years (Al-Mamari et al. 2017). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4.5 years and longevity of 18 years, its estimated generation length is 11.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This benthopelagic, reef-associated species occurs over rocky bottoms (Sommer et al. 1996). At night, it migrates vertically to the upper part of its habitat to feed on small fishes, shrimps, crabs, amphipods, ascidians and salps (Opic et al. 1994, Anderson and Allen 2001). Its maximum total length is 100 cm (Anderson 1986), but more commonly occurs to 50 cm standard length (Anderson and Allen 2001). Female fork length at first maturity ranges from 36 to 38 cm (Mees 1993).The maximum reported age is 44 years (Andrews et al. 2012).

This pelagic species is found on shallow reefs and deep reefs to the shelf-edge (Feitoza et al. 2005). Juveniles school in shallow waters over sandy, weedy bottoms and in mangroves. Young barracuda will spend their first summer in shallow nursery areas and move offshore to deeper water in late fall. In the second summer, young enter mangrove habitat or deeper weed beds. In its third year, it enters coral reef habitat (de Sylva 1963). Larger adults (>65cm standard length) are usually solitary and found over reef areas and offshore waters. Large schools have been observed and are probably associated with spawning behavior. Its maximum length is 200 cm (Robins and Ray 1986). It feeds mainly on littoral schooling and coral reef fishes, cephalopods, and shrimps (de Sylva 1981, Cervigon 1993). It can reach at least 14 years of age. Males mature by year three, and females by year four. Off Abu Dhabi, the mean age and size at sexual maturity for males was 1.3 years and 56.2 cm and 2.6 years and 80.1 cm for females (Grandcourt et al. 2012). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2.5 years and longevity of 14 years, its estimated generation length is 8.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species schools in shallow coastal waters, and is known to enter lagoons, estuaries, and freshwater rivers to feed. Mass shoaling takes place at sea during spawning. It consumes various algae, diatoms, foraminiferans, and detritus associated with sand and mud (Harrison and Senou 1999). The maximum total length is 60 cm (Lieske and Myers 1994). Spawning occurs from February to April in the southern Arabian Gulf, age and size at sexual maturity for males and females are 4.5 years and 38 cm and 4 years and 41.8 cm, respectively, and the maximum age is 9 years (Grandcourt et al. 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4 years and longevity of 9 years, its estimated generation length is 6.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits shallow, coastal inshore waters in open bays and estuaries (McKay 1984, 2001). It can also occur near reefs and occasionally mangroves. It spawns from mid May to early October and females spawn about six times in one season (Almatar et al. 2004). The maximum total length is 70 cm (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001).

This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species that forms schools. It is an offshore predator feeding on whatever abundant resource is available with a preference for planktonic crustaceans, small cephalopods, and fish larvae (Mostarda et al. 2007). Its maximum fork length is 50 cm. Longevity is 5 years and maturity occurs around 2 years of age or about 35 cm fork length for both males and females, but this can vary by region (Muthiah 1985, Yesaki and Arce 1994, Niiya 2001a, b, Collette 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 5 years and longevity of 2 years, its estimated generation length is 3.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This pelagic species primarily occurs on the continental shelf, but can also occur in the open-ocean, and avoids very turbid waters and areas with reduced salinity such as estuaries. It may form schools of varying size. It feeds on a variety of fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans, particularly stomatopod larvae and prawns. This species probably spawns more than once a year and is reported to be confined to coastal waters (Nishikawa and Ueyanagi 1991). Maximum fork length (FL) is 145 cm. Very few life history studies have been conducted, but in the Indian Ocean, longevity is about 20 years, males and females reach maturity at about 40 cm fork length and age at first maturity is not known (IOTC 2018). In Australia, longevity is estimated to be about 10 years (Wilson 1981), and age at first maturity in Thailand is estimated to be 2 years (Boonragsa 1987). It may live as long as 18 years in the central Indo-Pacific (Griffiths et al. 2009). Natural mortality in a study conducted across Iranian waters was 0.49 year^-1 (Darvishi et al. 2018).

This pelagic species occurs in coastal and oceanic waters to 300 m depth (May and Maxwell 1986, Collette 1995). It forms schools by size, and schools may include Jack Mackerels and Pacific Sardines. It is a plankton feeder, filtering copepods and other crustaceans, but adults also feed on small fishes and squids. The maximum fork length is 40 cm. In Australia, age at first maturity is 2 years and longevity is 8 years (Stevens et al. 1984). However, this species is larger and longer lived in New Zealand, where longevity has been estimated to be as high as 24 years (Morrison et al. 2001) and length at first maturity is 28 cm and approximately 3 years (Manning et al. 2007). In Japan, the age at first maturity is 1 year and longevity is approximately 6 years (Uozumi pers. comm. 2009). Generation length in Japan, is therefore estimated to be 2-“3 years, but may be higher in Australia and New Zealand.

This coastal, pelagic species schools with small tunas to 30 m depth. It is also found around some islands (Collette 1995). It feeds on clupeoids, other fishes, squids, and decapod crustaceans. It occurs at temperatures of 13.5-“23'°C. Fork length at first maturity is about 54 cm (Silas 1964). Maximum fork length is 102 cm.

This is a pelagic migratory fish inhabiting coastal waters to 200 m depth. It sometimes enters turbid estuarine waters, and is usually found in small schools. It feeds mainly on small schooling fishes (especially sardines and anchovies), squids and crustaceans. Adults can reach a maximum fork length of 76 cm. Maturity occurs at around 48-“52 cm total length or 1-“2 years in southern India, and about 40 cm in Thailand (Krishnarnoorthy 1958). This species may live to 16 years of age (Devaraj 1977). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 16 years, its estimated generation length is 9 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.