This species inhabits coastal, sandy areas, coral reefs, and deep lagoons to depths of 50 m. It primarily consumescrustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, polychaetes and fishes (Sato and Walker 1984, Carpenter and Allen 1989). This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite and exhibits a protracted spawning season (Currey et al. 2013). In some areas, particularly Thailand, this species has been observed forming spawning aggregations (Tamelander et al. 2008). This is a fast-growing, short-lived species with high natural mortality. A study conducted in the southern Arabian Gulf reported its maximum age as 11 years, spawning occurs from April to June, and mean age and size at sexual maturity was 1.8 years and 24.6 cm for males and 2.4 years and 27.7 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2.5 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 6.75 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This marine species inhabits the sandy bottoms of seagrass beds and on or near coral reefs at depths of 1 to 40 m (Carpenter 1989, Khalaf et al. 2012). During the day, it is found to a depth of 40 m, occasionally occurring in small groups; however, at night, itis solitary and found over reef-flats and slopes as shallow as 1 m in depth. Itsdiet consists of echinoderms, mollusks and crustaceans. The maximum total length is 40 cm (Carpenter and Allen 1989). A study conducted in the southern Arabian Gulf, reported a maximum age of 9 years, spawning occurs from March to June, it is a short-lived, fast growing species with a high natural mortality rate, and the mean age and size at sexual maturity was 2 years and 22.1 cm for males and 1.3 years and 21.3 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 9 years, its estimated generation length is 5.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This epibenthic and pelagic species occurs over reefs or at deep offshore holes or drop-offs, usually in small or moderate-sized schools, but may be solitary (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is also found over rocky outcrops and wrecks (Harris et al. 2007). Juveniles associate with Sargassum or flotsam in oceanic and offshore neritic waters (Bortone et al. 1977). Prey items include fish, invertebrates and sometimes live, dead, and artificial bait. Its maximum size is 188 cm total length, but common to about 70-110 cm fork length (Smith-Vaniz 2002). The fork length at 50% maturity is 64.6 cm for males and 73.3 cm for females. Several studies have estimated the maximum age using methods of varying accuracy, and in general, this fish is considered difficult to age (SEDAR9 2011). Estimates of maximum longevity range from 10-17 years, but an age of 15 years was used for this assessment as described in SEDAR33 (2014). This species is assumed to be fully mature by age two (SEDAR33 2014). The Hoenig maximum age natural mortality estimator recommended by the SEDAR33 (2014) is 0.28 year^-1; however, it is unlikely that this parameter remains constant across all sizes and ages.The generation length was estimated to be 6 years using the equation 1/natural mortality + age of first reproduction. Using the equation age of first reproduction + [z * (length of the reproductive period)] where z = 0.5, generation length was estimated at 7 years. Therefore, the median of 6.5 years is applied.

This species inhabits inshore marine, brackish and freshwater areas, including coral reefs, mangroves and estuaries (Khatoon et al. 2014, Kamrani et al. 2016, Jawad et al. 2018). Its maximum length is 14 cm (Carpenter et al. 1997b).

This species is found in coastal waters in lagoons, marshes, mangroves, estuaries and brackish waters of rivers, as well as reef flats. It spawns at sea and its maximum length is 63 cm (Harrison and Senou 1999, Coad 2017).

This species inhabits coastal waters in lagoons, marshes, estuaries and lower courses of rivers and spawns at sea (Thomson and Luther 1984). It consumes detritus and benthic algae (Carpenter et al. 1997b). The maximum standard length is 40 cm (Harrison and Senou 1999).

This species inhabits shallow coastal waters (Carpenter et al. 1997b). It feeds on detritus, algae, and small benthic invertebrates. The maximum total length is 30 cm (Randall 1995, Senou et al. 1996).

This species inhabits inshore waters and ascends rivers for feeding (M. Almukhtar pers. comm. 2014). It consumes detritus, algae, and small benthic invertebrates (Carpenter et al. 1997). It spawns from December to May in the Arabian Gulf, with a peak in December and the mean length at 50% sexual maturity is 15.4 cm (Elahi et al. 2012). The maximum length is 20 cm (Carpenter et al. 1997), age at first reproduction is about 2 years (Hakimelahi et al. 2010) and maximum age is about 5 years (M. Al-Husaini pers. comm. 2014). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 5 years, its estimated generation length is 3.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits coastal marine waters, and can enter rivers, and unlike Liza klunzingeri, it is rarely found in El Hammar Marsh in Iraq.

This speciesinhabits coastal rocky and coral reefs (Valinassab et al. 2011). Juveniles also occur in turbid inshore waters and estuaries, including mangrove habitats over sand and mud bottoms (Van der Elst 1993). Its maximum total length is 80 cm, but occurs more commonly to 45 cm (McKay 2001). Its maximum age is 36 years (Al-Husaini et al. 2001). Itspawns from February to July (Al-Husaini et al. 2001) and forms shoals near river mouths during the winter.