The Bull Shark occurs in inshore and offshore waters, usually near the bottom, from the surfline to a depth of at least 152 m (Ebert et al. 2013). This species is euryhaline, with nursery areas in rivers, although within the Arabian Seas region, neonates have been recorded in areas without rivers and estuaries (Jabado et al. 2016). It attains a maximum size of about 340 cm total length (TL) with males mature at around 157-226 cm TL and females mature around 180-230 cm TL (Ebert et al. 2013, Jabado et al. 2016, Moore et al. 2012). Females produce litters of 1-13 every second year (Smith 1997) and size at birth is about 55-81 cm TL (Ebert et al. 2013). Ageing data from northern Australia indicate that females mature around 10 years and reach a maximum of at least 27 years (Tillett et al. 2011). Based on these data, generation length is estimated at 18.25 years.

This species occurs in coastal waters on continental and insular shelves. Its maximum size is 165 cm total length (TL) (Weigmann 2016). Females are mature by at least 131 cm TL and demonstrate placental viviparity with litters of 4-6 embryos. In the northwestern Gulf, there is evidence that parturition occurs in spring when embryos are 35-51 cm TL. Further records of the Smoothtooth Blacktip Shark from the western Arabian Sea indicate that adults are present in this region throughout the year.No ageing data are available for the Smoothtooth Blacktip Shark. Generation length is estimated to be 8.25 years based on the Spottail Shark from Australia, which has a similar maximum size. The Spottail Shark matures at 2-3 years and reaches a maximum age of 14 years (Davenport and Stevens 1988).

The Grey Reef Shark is found in clear tropical waters often from 10 m to around 140 m and is common around coral reefs, particularly near drop-offs and fringing reefs. It attains a maximum size of 255 cm total length (TL). Males mature at 110-145 cm TL; females at about 120-142 cm TL (Wetherbee et al. 1997, Ebert et al. 2013) at around seven years. Litters are small with up to six pups measuring 48-49 cm TL (Compagno 1984, Anderson and Ahmed 1993, Last and Stevens 1994, Wetherbee et al. 1997). Smart et al. (2016) provide age data from Australia where the females mature at 9 years and reach a maximum age of at least 15 years. A study conducted on an unfished population of this species reported an estimated length at maturity of 116.7-“123.2 cm TL for males and a maximum lifespan of 18.1 years for both sexes, and an annual survival rate of 0.74 year^-1 (Bradley et al. 2017). When applying an age at first reproduction of 9 years and longevity of 18 years, its estimated generation length is 13.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This open-water pelagic and oceanic species inhabits waters between 18-“31'°C and occurs above and below the thermocline to at least 400 m depth. It schools primarily by size, either in monospecific or multi-species groups. Larger fish frequently school with porpoises and are also associated with floating debris and other objects. It feeds on fishes, crustaceans and squids. Maximum fork length is 240 cm. In the Indian Ocean, longevity is 9 years, length at 50% maturity for males and females is 100 cm and age at first maturity is 3-5 years (IOTC 2018). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4 years and longevity of 9 years, its estimated generation length is 6.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

Whale Sharks are found in both coastal and oceanic habitats (Rowat and Brooks 2012). This species is highly mobile, with mean daily movement rates of 24-“28 km based on tethered geopositioning tags (Hueter et al. 2013). Whale Sharks spend the majority of time in the epipelagic zone, but dive to at least 1,928 m in depth (Tyminsky et al. 2015). Most sightings occur at a small number of known coastal feeding areas for the species, where the sharks aggregate on the surface to exploit seasonal productivity such as fish spawning events or zooplankton blooms (Rowat and Brooks 2012, Robinson et al. 2013). A degree of inter-annual site fidelity has been documented in many locations (Cagua et al. 2015, Norman et al. in press). Sexual- and size-based segregation is typical in these locations, with a bias towards juvenile males from 4-“8 m total length (TL) (Rohner et al. 2015, Norman et al. 2017, Robinson et al. 2016). The largest recorded Whale Sharks are approximately 20 m TL (Chen et al. 1997) and 42 t in mass (Hsu et al. 2014) as reported from Taiwan. An individual extrapolated to be 18.8 m TL was caught in India (Borrell et al. 2011). Estimates of TL at maturity for males vary between 7-9.2 m TL (Norman and Stevens 2007, Ramírez-Macías et al. 2012, Rohner et al. 2015). Size at maturity in females is approximately 9 m TL, based on visual and laser photogrammetric estimates (Acuña-Marrero et al. 2014, Ramírez-Macías et al. 2012). Whale Shark reproductive ecology is poorly known. Pregnant female sharks are seasonally found in the Eastern Pacific, particularly off Darwin Island in the Galapagos Archipelago (Acuña-Marrero et al. 2014) and the Gulf of California (Eckert and Stewart 2001, Ramírez-Macías et al. 2012), but rarely sighted outside this region. The single pregnant female that has been physically examined, from Taiwan, had 304 pups in various stages of development, establishing that this species is lecithotrophic viviparous (Joung et al. 1996, Schmidt et al. 2010). The largest size class of embryos, 58-“64 cm TL, appeared close to fully developed (Joung et al. 1996). Size at birth is presumed to be around that size although a 46 cm TL specimen was the smallest free-swimming neonate found in the Philippines (Aca and Schmidt 2011). Age and growth data on Whale Sharks are sparse. Based on biannual band-pairs, it is estimated that that male sharks begin maturing at ~17 years and females at 19-“22 years in the Indo-Pacific with generation length estimated at 25 years (Hsu et al. 2014).

The Sandbar Shark occurs in coastal, often shallow waters and is associated with sandy or muddy flats, bays, estuaries and harbours (Grubbs et al. 2007). The species also occurs further offshore, particularly on banks, near islands, flat reefs and other topographic features in open waters from the surface to 280 m depth, but is typically found in waters less than 100 m depth (Compagno et al. 2005). It attains a maximum size of at least 240 cm total length (TL) (Ebert et al. 2013). Size at maturity in females ranges from 129-158 cm TL and from 123-156 cm TL in males. This species is viviparous with a yolk sac placenta with a gestation period estimated at 9-12 months (McAuley et al. 2007). Females apparently have young only every two or three years. Litter size is variable and depends in part on the size of the mother, and ranges from 1-10 (Tester 1969, McAuley et al. 2007). Size at birth varies slightly by region but does not follow the same geographic pattern. New born pups range from 40-65 cm TL (Capapé 1984, McAuley et al. 2007).Sandbar Sharks are slow-growing K-selected species (Hoff and Musick 1987, Sminkey and Musick 1995). Wild populations grow very slowly and mature at a relatively late age (Lawler 1976, Casey et al. 1985, Sminkey and Musick 1995). Maturity in these studies was estimated at 13-16 years. The ages at which 50% of female and male sharks were mature was estimated to be 16.2 and 13.8 years, respectively (McAuley et al. 2006) and longevity is 35-41 years (McAuley et al. 2006). In the Tasman Sea, age at maturity for females and males was 9.5 and 7 years, respectively (Geraghty et al. 2015). Generation length is therefore estimated as 28.5 years.

The species feeds primarily over sand, but also over coral and rocky reefs. Individuals have been known to herd fish onto exposed sandbanks and apparently deliberately beach in order to seize their prey. Observations of mating and adults with calves are recorded for April and May (Baldwin 2005).

Wild Cats occur in semi-desert, open plains, rocky terrain and mountain wadis, but are not found in the dunes and true desert areas (Harrison and Bates 1991, Aspinall et al. 2005). A male and female were radio-collared and tracked in the desert of Sharjah for 4 and 14 months respectively. The female had a home range of 51 km² and 42 den sites were recorded, many of them used repeatedly (Phelan and Sliwa 2005, 2006).