NT

Koelpinia linearis | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Incomplete
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This annual herb can grow up to 0.3 m in height, producing pale yellow flowers on long stalks between February and April (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Norton et al. 2009). The fruit is distinctive in appearance, curved in a claw and star shape with hooked hairs. This facilitates dispersal by clinging to hair and fur of other species (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Koelpinia linearis is considered to be a halophyte i.e. salt-tolerant plant (Böer and Saenger 2006) and is typically found growing within silt environments among rocky hillsides, in addition to sand and gravel plains (Jongbloed et al. 2003).
Taxon
Taxa
Koelpinia linearis | Pall.
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Flowering Plants
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Within the UAE, this species has been recorded from Jebel Hafeet and Ru'us al-Jibal (Jongbloed et al. 2003, MEW 2010), and from Jebel Huwayyah in Oman. Feulner (2011) notes that the species appears to be limited to areas of carbonate bedrock, specifically, the Ru'us al-Jibal and intermittent mountain front ridges and massifs such as Jebel Hafeet. Based on currently known data, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 1,000 m<sup>2</sup>. Globally, the native range of this species spans from the Mediterranean and northern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and central Asia (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species is thought to be rare in the UAE, and it appears to be restricted to specific habitats, with an extent of occurrence of less than 1,000 km<sup>2</sup> and an area of occupancy that is assumed to be very much less than 500 km<sup>2</sup>. The species is assessed as Near Threatened on the basis of its restricted EOO and AOO, however the number of locations is presumed to exceed ten, but is restricted as a result of its habitat requirements.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
There is no information available.
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
Off

Calendula arvensis | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This is an annual herb species which produces yellow flowers from January to March (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Norton et al. 2009). It grows to heights of up to 30 cm and typically occurs in silt substrate between rocks in montane areas (Jongbloed et al. 2003). This species can be found in sandy and gravelly habitats, wadis, plantations and fallow fields (MEW 2010, Feulner 2011). It is sometimes considered as a weed of disturbed areas and silty depressions within its habitat (Norton et al. 2009). It is highly rain-dependent.
Taxon
Taxa
Calendula arvensis | L.
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Flowering Plants
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
This species is widespread in the Hajar Mountains and Ru'us al-Jibal (Jongbloed et al. 2003). This plant species can be found in silt and fallow fields up to 1,200 m and above (Feulner 2011). However, it is also recorded at lower elevations within montane areas too (Feulner 2011). The global distribution of this species is in Macaronesia, Europe to the Mediterranean and West Himalaya, and the Arabian Peninsula (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
A2a
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species, although being described as 'not common' or 'occasional', is considered to be a weed in certain habitats. The species is known to have declined over time as a result of changing rainfall patterns. It is known to survive within both disturbed areas and at a wide range of altitudes. The species is Near Threatened because of a population decline (approaching 30%) over the last ten years.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Grazing by goats may affect this species in parts of its range (Shahid 2017). Declining rainfall is thought also be causing declines.
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Further information
History
This species is considered to have become much less common due to decreasing frequency of wet years. In addition, increasing grazing may have contributed to population declines since 1996.
Verified entry
Off

Avicennia marina | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This mangrove species typically along the coast of the UAE in estuaries, sheltered bays and creeks (Norton et al. 2009, Beech 2009). It is characteristic of the tidal zone, muddy inlets estuaries and shallow lagoons (Patzelt 2015). Avicennia marina is currently the only species of mangrove to grow naturally within the Arabian Gulf (Böer and Saenger 2006, Zander and Bruckner 2005). It is highly tolerant towards high temperatures in addition to salinity (Beech 2009) and has been described as a 'notoriously tolerant' species (Feulner 2000). However, this species shows increased growth in lower salinity levels (Llewellyn-Smith 2011). Individual trees have been recorded to grow up to 8 m in height, but typically grow to around 4-5 m (Aspinall et al. 1995, Perry 2008). The mangrove flowers between May and June and begins to bear its almond shaped, pale green fruit from September (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Saenger et al. 2002). Holes in the trees of this species provide a home for kingfishers, Limonium axillare (Aspinall et al. 1995). They are also associated with the macrophytic green algae genus Enteromorpha (Ghazanfar and Fisher 1998). It also provides habitats for fish and crustaceans, in addition to breeding habitats for other species of bird (Perry 2008).
Taxon
Taxa
Avicennia marina | (Forsk.) Vierh.
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Flowering Plants
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
This species occurs across the coast of Abu Dhabi and other areas of the UAE, including off-shore islands (Sakkir et al. 2017). The distribution consists of discontinuous patches along the coastline which is likely the result of coastal development (Sakkir et al. 2017). Within Abu Dhabi alone, this species is estimated to cover an area of 40 km<sup>2 </sup>(Saenger et al. 2004). Throughout the UAE as a whole, there are considered to be 60-70 km<sup>2</sup> of natural mangroves, and slightly over 150 km<sup>2</sup> of mangroves when including planted individuals (EAD 2014, H.S. Das pers. comm. 2019). The number of threat-based locations for this species is estimated to be greater than 10 due to multiple patches existing along the UAE coastlines. Its native range extends across the tropical and subtropical Old World (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
B2ab(iii)
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species is assessed as Near Threatened due to its restricted distribution. The AOO is estimated at close to 150 km<sup>2</sup> and there is still ongoing development of coastal areas within the UAE, however, the number of threat-based locations is estimated to be greater than 10. Although this species represents the dominant mangrove species and the area of mangrove habitat has actually increased in the UAE within the last 10-20 years, mangroves are still at risk from intensive coastal development. In addition, these trees have important economic and ecological value in terms of providing habitats to other species and tolerating extreme conditions. It is recommended that more of these habitats are designated as protected areas, along with ongoing planting strategies.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Mangrove habitats used to be much more widespread in the UAE than they are currently (Hogarth and Beech 2001). These populations were depleted through using the wood of the trees for architecture and for building boats (Hogarth and Beech 2001). These trees are grazed by camels which can reduce their overall height (Karim and Dakheel 2006), however this is not thought to be a major threat as these trees are not though to be very palatable to animals (Norton et al. 2009). Expansion of coastal areas for public recreation will threaten this species as the coastline is converted from natural habitats (Ghazanfar and Fisher 1998). Losses in mangrove habitat area from several of the Emirates have been noted in the past two decades, due to land use change and development (Moore et al. 2013). In addition, physical removal of mangroves and hydrological changes to these coastal areas as a result of creation of new islands are important threats to the grey mangrove (H.S. Das pers. comm. 2019). However, despite this potential threat, it appears that over the last 10-20 years the UAE's extent of mangrove habitats seems to have actually increased, overall (Moore et al. 2013).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Further information
History
This species is still impacted in parts of its rage from coastal development, however, conservation efforts and planting regimes have helped to increase the area occupied by this species in the UAE, in addition to facilitating an overall population increase within the species' historical range.
Verified entry
Off

Halophila stipulacea | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This perennial herb is a seagrass species (Norton et al. 2009, Phillips et al. 2002). It can grow at depths between 2-8 m (H.S. Das pers. comm. 2019).
Taxon
Taxa
Halophila stipulacea | (Forssk.) Asch.
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Flowering Plants
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Within the UAE, this species is known to occur along the Arabian Gulf coast (Phillips et al. 2002). The maximum AOO of this species is estimated to be under 2,000 km<sup>2</sup>, incorporating the area of this species found in Abu Dhabi and Ras al-Khaimah (H.S. Das pers. comm. 2019). Due to the occurrence of multiple seagrass meadows along the UAE coastline, there are estimated to be greater than ten threat-based locations. The native range of this species encompasses Egypt to India and the West Indian Ocean (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
B2ab(iii)
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This seagrass species occurs along the Arabian Gulf coastline of the UAE, in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Ras al-Khaimah. The estimated AOO is under 2,000 km<sup>2</sup> and there are considered to be more than ten threat-based locations. Halophila stipulacea is currently undergoing a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to multiple threats including oil-related activities, pollution, dredging, coastal development and fishing culture. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
This species is particularly susceptible to coastal development but can recover quickly if disturbance ceases and conditions improve. It can also be affected by siltation and sedimentation (Short et al. 2010, Erftemeijer and Shuail 2012). In the UAE, the species is impacted by coastal dredging and land reclamation and development, fish trawling activities, oil spills and oil pollution, oil extraction developments, coastal water eutrophication and salinisation (from water desalination plants), siltation, and other forms of pollution (Erftemeijer and Shuail 2012). Given its shallow water habitat, this species may also be threatened by climate change and the associated increase in storm activity, water temperature, and/or sea-level rise (Short et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Further information
History
Coastal development within the UAE has been increasing in frequency and intensity since 1996, reducing the extent and quality of available habitat for this species.
Verified entry
Off

Halophila ovalis | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This plant is a species of seagrass (Phillips et al. 2002). It can grow at depths of up to 14 m (H.S. Das pers. comm. 2019).
Taxon
Taxa
Halophila ovalis | (R.Br.) Hook.f.
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Flowering Plants
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxonomic Notes
This a member of the Halophila ovalis complex, which is under taxonomic review. Historically, other species currently considered to be in this complex may have been labelled as H. ovalis.
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Within the UAE, the species is known to occur in Abu Dhabi Emirate (Phillips et al. 2002) in addition to Dubai. The AOO of this species is estimated to be around 3,000 km<sup>2</sup> (H.S. Das pers. comm. 2019). The number of threat-based locations is estimated to be greater than ten, due to the multiple patches of seagrass found along the UAE coastline. The native range of this species spans from the Red Sea area to Madagascar and on to the Pacific (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
B2ab(iii)
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This seagrass species can be found along the coastlines of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The estimated AOO is around 3,000 km<sup>2</sup> and it is considered to occur at more than ten threat-based locations. Halophila ovalis is experiencing a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to multiple threats, such as dredging of coastlines for artificial island creation, oil related activities, pollution and climate change. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
This species is particularly susceptible to coastal development but can recover quickly if disturbance ceases and conditions improve. It can also be affected by siltation and sedimentation (Short et al. 2010, Erftemeijer and Shuail 2012). In the UAE, the species is impacted by coastal dredging and land reclamation and development, fish trawling activities, oil spills and oil pollution, oil extraction developments, coastal water eutrophication and salinisation (from water desalination plants), siltation, and other forms of pollution (Erftemeijer and Shuail 2012). Given its shallow water habitat, this species may also be threatened by climate change and the associated increase in storm activity, water temperature, and/or sea-level rise (Short et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Further information
History
Coastal development within the UAE has been increasing in frequency and intensity since 1996, reducing the extent and quality of available habitat for this species.
Verified entry
Off

Eleocharis geniculata | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This is an annual or short-lived perennial species, up to 0.35 m (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It is usually found in moist banks of ponds and wadis (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Brackish marshes and edges of mangrove swamps are typical habitats for this species (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2018).
Taxon
Taxa
Eleocharis geniculata | (L.) Roem. & Schult.
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Flowering Plants
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
Distribution of this species is recorded from wadis in the Hajar Mountains (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Al Mehairbi et al. 2019). Feulner (2016) did not find the species (as Eliocharis geniculata) in WWNP, but would expect it to be present. The estimated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of this species is around 1,430 km<sup>2</sup>. Globally, this is a pantropical species (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2018).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
B1ab(iii,v)
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) within the UAE and is not considered to be common within this area. The estimated EOO for this plant is around 1,430 km<sup>2</sup>, which falls within the threshold for threatened categories. The species probably occurs in more than ten threat-based locations, but the number of locations is likely to be restricted. Water abstraction and declining rainfall as a result of climate are resulting in population declines. As a result, it is cautiously assessed as Near Threatened due to the restricted distribution within the UAE and declining populations. No regional adjustment is made as the extent of any rescue effect is not known.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Declining rainfall and increases in water abstraction in recent years has resulted in population declines (G.R. Feulner pers. comm. 2019).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Further information
History
The species is assessed as Least Concern in 1996, as it was much more common at the time.
Verified entry
Off

Ophioglossum polyphyllum | UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
No
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This perennial fern species is known to grow in open sand habitats and coastal areas (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Rothfels et al. 2012). At higher altitudes, it can grow within silt rather than sand (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It has two or three elliptic leaves growing from the stem in addition to other stem like leaves (Jongbloed et al. 2003). The plant generally appears after periods of rain (Jongbloed et al. 2003).
Taxon
Taxa
Ophioglossum polyphyllum | A.Braun
Taxonomic Group
Plants
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Ferns and Allies
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
This plant occurs in coastal areas and in the Hajar Mountains (Jongbloed et al. 2003) and has been found to occur in Wadi Wurayah National Park, Fujairah (Feulner 2016). It also occurs at Jebel Ali along the Arabian Gulf Coast. The estimated EOO of this species is 2,646 km<sup>2</sup>. Globally, Ophioglossum polyphyllum is distributed across Africa and southwest Asia, eastwards to India and southwards to South Africa (Board of Trustees, RGB Kew 2018). In Europe it occurs only on the Canary Islands (Christenhusz et al. 2017). It is also distributed in Central America and Australia (Board of Trustees, RGB Kew 2018).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
B1b(iii)
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
This species occurs within sand and coastal habitats in the UAE and has an estimated extent of occurrence of 2,646 km<sup>2</sup>; this falls within the threshold for Endangered under Criterion B. In addition, the species' habitat is declining due to ongoing coastal development, causing the once common species to become less common in its range. However, the number of locations for this species (based on the most plausible threat of habitat degradation) is currently unclear. Therefore, it is currently assessed as Near Threatened.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1 + Regional Guidelines v4.0
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
This plant is reportedly threatened by development in its coastal habitat range (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Feulner 2016).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Further information
History
Coastal development within the UAE has been increasing in frequency and intensity since 1996, reducing the extent and quality of available habitat for this species.
Verified entry
Off

Pateobatis jenkinsii | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
This species is an inshore ray, usually found on sandy bottoms down to at least 90 m deep (Manjaji 2004, White et al. 2006, Last et al. 2016). It attains a maximum size of at least 150 cm disc width (DW) (~300 cm total length) (White et al. 2006, Last et al. 2016). Males mature at about 75-85 cm DW and size at birth is around 23 cm DW (White and Dharmadi 2007). Reproduction is viviparous with histotrophy (White et al. 2006). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~20 years based on data for Blackspotted Whipray (Maculabatis astra) (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). However, it is noted that the Blackspotted Whipray grows to a much smaller maximum size (80 cm DW) than Jenkins' Whipray (150 cm DW).
Taxon
Taxa
Pateobatis jenkinsii | (Annandale, 1909)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxonomic Notes
Last et al. (2016) described the genus Pateobatis, consisting of five medium-size to very large, marine whiprays previously placed in Himantura (including jenkinsii).This species has probably been misidentified as Himantura (=Pateobatis) fai in the literature (W. White pers. obs). More specimens of both this species and of H. draco from South Africa need to be examined to resolve the taxonomic status of this species. Presently, H. draco is considered a synonym of P. jenkinsii. The South African species had dark spots along the posterior margin of the disc, but this form has also been reported from the Arafura Sea and off Sumatra in Indonesia. It is possible that these may in fact be colour forms of the same species. Examples of specimens with dark spots along the posterior margin of the disc are from the Arafura Sea, Sumatra (Last and Stevens 1994, Fahmi pers. obs. 2007), and from western Sri Lanka (Morón et al. 1998, Manjaji 2004), and the Sulu Sea (B.M. Manjaji-Matsumoto pers. obs. 2002).
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Jenkins' Whipray occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it is widespread but patchy in the Indo-West Pacific. Its distribution is not well defined due to recent taxonomic changes and the re-identification of stingrays (Dasyatidae) from the region (Last et al. 2016). Records from Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka need confirmation. Further taxonomic revisions and surveys in the Arabian Sea region are required to determine its distribution.
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
A2cd
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Jenkins' Whipray occurs throughout UAE inshore waters. It is very poorly known in the Arabian Sea region due to confusion with Pateobatis fai (the Pink Whipray) and results from a recent taxonomic revision. It is presumably taken incidentally in net and longline fisheries, and fishing pressure is intense and increasing in the Arabian Sea region, particularly in India and Pakistan. Whiprays are generally discarded as bycatch in the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman. Though data specifically from the UAE are not available, and it is not known how individuals occupying the UAE are connected with the broader population of the Arabian Seas region, there is no information available to suggest that its population status differs in the UAE as compared to other parts of its range in the region. Given the threats faced by this species in other parts of the Arabian Seas region, and ongoing threats from discarding and habitat loss in the UAE, it is inferred that declines reported in the Arabian Seas are representative of the status in the UAE. Based on recorded levels of exploitation and decline in habitat quality, it is suspected to have declined by 20-30% over the past three generation lengths, or about 60 years. It is listed as Near Threatened, nearly meeting the thresholds for Vulnerable A2cd.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Information pertaining to threats specific to the UAE are unavailable. This species is impacted by bycatch fisheries that are active elsewhere in its range. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
Off

Pateobatis fai | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
The Pink Whipray is found on soft sandy bottoms and coral rubble on the inner continental shelf from the intertidal zone to 70 m depth (Last et al. 2016). The species attains a maximum size of at least 146 cm DW (disc width) with males maturing at around 112 cm disc width (DW) (Last et al. 2016). Size at maturity for females is unknown, but reproduction is viviparous with histotrophy (White et al. 2006). Little else is known of its biology. As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~20 years based on data for Blackspotted Whipray (Maculabatis astra) (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). However, it is noted that the Blackspotted Whipray grows to a much smaller maximum size (80 cm DW) than the Pink Whipray (146 cm DW).
Taxon
Taxa
Pateobatis fai | (Jordan & Seale, 1906)
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxonomic Notes
Last et al. (2016) described the genus Pateobatis, consisting of five medium-size to very large, marine whiprays previously placed in Himantura (including fai). This species is frequently misidentified as Himantura (=Pateobatis) jenkinsii.
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Pink Whipray occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it is widespread in the Indo-West and Central Pacific (Kuiter and Debelius 1994, Anderson and Hafiz 1997, Golani and Bogorodsky 2010).
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
A2cd
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Pink Whipray occurs throughout UAE inshore waters, and is is apparently uncommon in the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman area. This species is incidentally captured in inshore fisheries and mostly discarded in UAE waters. This species is not targeted or valued in markets of the UAE, trawling has been banned there since 1980, and recently conducted surveys have detected it in the area. In India, it is under extremely intense and increasing demersal fishing pressure. Though data specifically from the UAE are not available, and it is not known how individuals occupying the UAE are connected with the broader population of the Arabian Seas region, but there is no information available to suggest that its population status differs in the UAE, compared to other parts of its range in the region. Given the threats faced by this species in other parts of the Arabian Seas region, and ongoing threats from discarding and habitat loss in the UAE, it is inferred that declines reported in the Arabian Seas are representative of the status in the UAE. Based on recorded levels of exploitation and decline in habitat quality, it is suspected to have declined by 20-30% over the past three generation lengths, or about 60 years. It is listed as Near Threatened, nearly meeting the thresholds for Vulnerable A2cd.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
Information pertaining to threats specific to the UAE are unavailable. This species is impacted by bycatch fisheries that are active elsewhere in its range. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al. 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
Off

Rhinobatos annandalei | UAE National Red List of Marine Species: Reef-building corals, cartilaginous fishes and select bony fishes

Location
Scope (Assessment)
National
Countries in Assessment
United Arab Emirates
Country ISO code(s)
ARE
Does the assessment cover a marine EEZ area(s)?
Off
Is there a map available in assessment?
Yes
Ecological system type
Terrestrial system
No
Freshwater system
No
Marine system
Yes
Habitat
Habitat details as listed in assessment
Very little information is currently available on the habitat or biology of this guitarfish. It occurs from close inshore out to about 90 m deep and presumably occurs over soft substrates. Maximum total length is reported at approximately 87 cm (R.W. Jabado pers. obs.). Maturity for males is about 50-68 cm TL and for females it is around 60 cm TL (Raje 2006, Henderson et al. 2004, Last et al. 2016). Size at birth is about 19-20 cm TL. Fecundity is up to 3-20 pups (M. Khan pers. comm. 08/02/2016, Raje 2006) although females dissected from landings in Oman had between 3-5 pups (Henderson et al. 2004). Most pregnant and post-partum females in Indian and Pakistan waters occur in September and October (M. Khan pers. comm. 08/02/2016, Raje 2006) and in the summer and winter in Oman (Henderson et al. 2004). Generation length is inferred to be 5 years from the Lesser Guitarfish (Acroteriobatus annulatus) from southern Africa (Compagno et al. 1989).
Taxon
Taxa
Rhinobatos annandalei | Norman, 1926
Taxonomic Group
Vertebrates
Taxonomic Group Level 2
Fishes
Assessed taxon level
Species
Taxon distribution as listed in assessment
The Bengal Guitarfish occurs throughout UAE waters. Globally, it has a poorly defined distribution in the Northern Indian Ocean from the Arabian Gulf (Iran, UAE) to India and possibly Sri Lanka (Bianchi 1985, Talwar and Jhingran 1991, Assadi and Dehghani 1997, Vossoughi and Vosoughi 1999). There has been some confusion as to the identification of this species, making its exact distribution difficult to define, with some previous studies have referred to it as the Spotted Guitarfish.
Assessed status
Asessment status in full
Near Threatened
Assessment status abreviation
NT
Assessment status criteria
A2cd
About the assessment
Assessment year
2019
Assessors/contributors/reviewers listed
UAE National Red List Workshop
Affliation of assessor(s)/contributors/reviewers listed on assessment
Government
IGO
Assessor affiliation specific
Government|IGO
Assessment rationale/justification
The Bengal Guitarfish occurs throughout UAE coastal waters. Due to confusion with the Spotted Guitarfish (Rhinobatos punctifer), population data can be uncertain. There has been a total ban on fishing for this species in UAE waters since 2019, but is still taken as bycatch in coastal net fisheries. Declines of several species of inshore guitarfish have been documented (e.g., India). Habitat degradation from coastal development is a concern for this species as well. It is especially susceptible to exploitation (target and bycatch) in many largely unregulated gill net and trawl fisheries that operate within its range outside and surrounding UAE waters. Some management measures are now in place in the Arabian Sea region, although domestic fisheries are likely to continue. Though data specifically from the UAE are not available, individuals in the UAE are a component of a larger, interconnected and migratory population that occurs broadly in the north-western Indian Ocean. It is inferred that declines reported in the Arabian Sea region are representative of its status in the UAE. Based on recorded levels of exploitation and decline in habitat quality, it is suspected to have declined by 20-30% over the past three generation lengths, or about 15 years. It is listed as Near Threatened, nearly meeting the thresholds for Vulnerable A2cd.
Criteria system
Criteria system specifics
IUCN v3.1
Criteria system used
IUCN
Criteria Citation
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. iv + 32pp pp. And IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.
Endemism
Endemic to region
Not_assigned
Endemism Notes
Is an endemic?: Not_assigned
Conservation
Threats listed in assessment
This species has been impacted by target and bycatch fisheries. It may also being impacted by habitat degradation due to coastal development, especially nursery grounds. Marine habitats in the Gulf are experiencing high levels of disturbance and quickly deteriorating due to major impacts from development activities (including dredging and reclamation), desalination plants, industrial activities, habitat destruction through the removal of shallow productive areas and major shipping lanes (Sheppard et al.<em style=""font-size: 12pt; font-family: Georgia;""> 2010).
Conservation Measures

Conservation measures:
Conservation measures notes:
Required conservation measures:

Verified entry
Off