The Reticulate Whipray is often found near sandy beaches, in sandy areas of coral reefs, in shallow estuaries and lagoons, and may even enter freshwater (Vaudo and Heithaus 2009, Gutteridge 2012). This species also occurs offshore to depths of at least 50 m (White et al. 2006). Tracking data for the Reticulate Whipray suggests that within sandy, shallow water areas, the species is a highly resident mesopredator, though the home range for individuals can be relatively restricted (Vaudo and Heithaus 2012). Himanura species exhibit a strong association with shallow waters of the western region where complex habitats such as coral assemblages and seagrass beds are most prevalent (Last et al. 2016 Rays of the World book). Its reproductive mode is viviparous with histotrophy. This species reaches 160 cm disc width (DW) (Last and Stevens 2009). Males mature at 82-84 cm DW and size at birth is 21-28 cm DW (Manjaji 2004, White et al. 2006, White and Dharmadi 2007). Fecundity is assumed to be low, as a single pregnant female observed possessed two embryos (B.M. Manjaji-Matsumoto pers. obs.).As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as 20 years based on data for the congener, the Blackspotted Whipray (Himantura astra). Female Blackspotted Whiprays are reported to have a maximum age of 29 years and an age at maturity of nine years (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). These were used to calculate a generation length of 19 years based on the equation: generation length = (((29-9)/2)+9). The maximum size of the Reticulate Whipray is considerably larger (~160 cm DW) than that of the Blackspotted Whipray (80 cm DW), so it is possible the generation length of the Reticulate Whipray is greater than 20 years.

The Giant Devil Ray is mostly oceanic, but is also known to occur in coastal waters (Last et al. 2016). This species reaches a maximum size 520 cm disc width (DW) with males mature around 198-205 cm DW and females around 236 cm DW (Weigmann 2016, Last et al. 2016). As is the case with other members of the genus, this species is livebearing and histotrophic, with embryonic nutrition supplied from a protein- and lipid-rich histotroph from highly developed trophonemata. A single, relatively large pup is produced per litter (Compagno and Last 1999, White et al. 2006b). Intrinsically, Manta and Mobula rays have among the lowest productivity of any chondrichthyan due to their large size, low fecundity, and late age at maturity (Pardo et al. 2016). Long resting periods may account for extended reproductive cycles in mobulid species. The generation length of this species is suspected to be around 20 years, based on the Reef Manta Ray (Manta alfredi), which reaches a similar size, is 25 years (Marshall et al. 2009).

The Banded Eagle Ray is a demersal species in continental shelf inshore waters to at least 115 m depth (Last and Stevens 2009). It reaches a maximum size of 72 cm disc width (DW) with males maturing at 39-42 cm DW (Last et al. 2016). Size at maturity for females is unknown, but pregnant females have been recorded in the UAE at 54.8 cm DW (R.W. Jabado pers. comm. 06/05/2017). Females are viviparous with litters of up to four young with a size at birth of 17 cm DW (Compagno and Last 1999, Last and Stevens 2009). Nothing else is known of this species' biology. Generation length estimated at 10 years based on the generation length of the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus) (14.5 years) (Martin and Cailliet 1988). However, it is noted that the Bat Ray is a considerably larger species (reaching 180 cm DW) than the Banded Eagle Ray.

The Spotted Eagle Ray is found in tropical and warm-temperate waters in coastal regions and over the continental shelf from the surface up to 40 m depth (Weigmann 2016). It sometimes enters lagoons and estuaries and is often associated with coral reef ecosystems (Homma et al. 1994, Last and Stevens 2009). It is also encountered well offshore in open water (Last et al. 2010). It attains a maximum size of 330 cm disc width (DW), but the species is more commonly observed to about 160 cm DW (Last et al. 2010). This species is reported to reach sexual maturity after 4-6 years (Last and Stevens 2009). Size at maturity is reported as 150-160 cm DW (Schluessel et al. 2010, Last et al. 2016) for females, and between 119-130 cm DW for males (Schluessel et al. 2010, Moore et al. 2012). Size at birth is 33-36 cm DW (Last et al. 2010). Reproduction is viviparous with aplacental histotrophy (Last et al. 2010). Little information is available on reproductive biology, although it is known to have up to 10 pups but usually about four pups per litter (Last et al. 2016). Gestation has been reported at 12 months and reproductive periodicity may not be annual (Schluessel et al. 2010). Generation length was inferred as ~15 years based on data for the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus) which are reported to have a maximum age of 24 years and an age at maturity of five years (Martin and Cailliet 1988).

This species is benthopelagic over the continental shelf, often close inshore, usually forming very large aggregations (Last et al. 2016). It reaches at least 90 cm disc width (DW) (Last et al. 2016). Litter size is 1 pup per litter (R. W. Jabado unpubl. data), but it is unknown if reproductive periodicity is annual or biennial. Generation length is estimated to be ~10 years based on the larger (110 cm DW) R. bonasus (Fisher et al. 2013).

The Leopard Whipray is demersal on soft substrates and is mainly inshore and coastal, though it also occurs on the continental shelf to at least 70 m depth (White et al. 2006, Manjaji-Matsumoto and Last 2008). Himanura species exhibit a strong association with shallow waters of the western region where complex habitats such as coral assemblages and seagrass beds are most prevalent (Last et al. 2016 Rays of the World book). The biology of this species is poorly known, partly due to confusion with other species of the “uarnak' species-complex, especially the Reticulate Whipray (H. uarnak) and the Honeycomb Whipray (H. undulata) (Last and Stevens 2009). It attains about 140 cm disc width (DW); born at about 20 cm DW; males mature at 70-“94 cm DW (White and Dharmadi 2007, Last and Stevens 2009). Its reproduction is viviparous (White et al. 2006). It typically has1-4 young and reproduces year-round (Rastgoo et al. 2015). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as 20 years based on data for the congener, the Blackspotted Whipray (Himantura astra). Female Blackspotted Whiprays are reported to have a maximum age of 29 years and an age at maturity of nine years (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). These were used to calculate a generation length of 19 years based on the equation: generation length = 9+((29-9)/2). The maximum size of the Leopard Whipray is considerably larger (~140 cm DW) than that of the Blackspotted Whipray (80 cm DW) so it is possible the generation length of the Leopard Whipray is greater than 20 years.

The Hooktooth Shark is found inshore on continental and insular shelves to depths of at least 160 m (Weigmann 2016). This species grows to a maximum size of around 93 cm total length (TL) with males maturing at around 72 cm TL and females at least 83 cm TL (Moore et al. 2012, Moore and Pierce 2013, Jabado et al. 2016). It is thought to be a viviparous species giving birth to four young per litter with pups born at ~20 cm TL. Henderson et al. (2004) provided preliminary ageing data that suggested the maximum age was 11 years and maturity at 5 or 6 years. This suggests a generation length of 8 years.

The Bignose Shark occurs mainly on the edge of continental shelves in waters to 800 m deep, but is more common between 80 and 220 m with occasional captures in shallow water (Tester 1969). Individuals have been caught at night near the surface over deep water in the Maldives (Anderson and Ahmed 1993) and this species is thought to display diurnal vertical migrations (Anderson and Stevens 1996). It attains a maximum size of 282 cm total length (TL) with an average reproductive age of ~21 years (Compagno 1984, Kohler et al. 1995, Jensen et al. 1996). Males reach maturity at 216 cm TL and females at 226 cm TL. Females are reported to give birth to 1-13 pups per litter with size at birth around 70-90 cm TL.

The Slender Weasel Shark is found inshore in shallow waters of the continental shelf to depths of 18 m (Compagno et al. 1996, Weigmann 2016). It reaches a maximum size of at least 85 cm with males reaching maturity at around 65 cm TL (Moore et al. 2012, Moore and Pierce 2013, Jabado et al. 2016). It is a viviparous species, giving birth to two pups per litter which are born at 35-40 cm TL. No age and growth data are available and generation length is estimated as 8 years based on data for the Hooktooth Shark (Chaenogaleus macrostoma) (Henderson et al. 2004).

This species inhabits shallow sandy areas often less than 5 m deep, but occurs down to 100 m depth. The young are born at about 29 cm total length (TL) (Gohar and Mazhar 1964), and the maximum size is at least 187 cm TL (Moore and Peirce 2013). No data are available for age at maturity, but size at maturity is believed to be around 83 cm TL (Last et al. 2016). Mature females produce litters of up to 10 young (Gohar and Mazhar 1964). The generation length is estimated from the Giant Guitarfish (Glaucostegus typus) from northern Australia (White et al. 2014) at 10 years (see global assessment supplementary information), but it is noted that the Halavi Guitarfish is substantially smaller than this species (Last et al. 2016).