This coastal species is generally found in small schools (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Sommer et al. 1996). The diet of adults consists mainly of fishes, while juveniles feed on the scales and epidermal tissues of other fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The maximum total length is 60 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1986).

Thiscoastal species inhabits shallow lagoons, seaward reefs and neritic waters over sandstone with coral, mud, and sand and over offshore areas to depths of 100 m (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Lieske and Myers 1994, De Bruin et al. 1994). It can also occur in estuaries (Blaber and Cyrus 1983). This speciesoccurs singly or in small schools (Randall 1995). The adult diet consists of fishes and small crustaceans and juveniles feed on the scales and epidermal tissues of other fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1984).The maximum total length is 110 cm (Daget and Smith-Vaniz 1986).

This coastal, pelagic species occasionally enters estuaries. Itgenerally swims in small schools near reefs and offshore islands andfeeds during the day on fishes and cephalopods (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Randall 1995). The maximum total length is 120 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The size at first maturity for females is estimated to be 47.6 cm fork length and 3 years of age, while males attain first maturity at 38.5 cm between 2-3 years (Griffiths et al. 2005). Longevity is estimated to be at least 11 years (Griffiths et al. 2006). Spawning occurs between March and June off Abu Dhabi (Grandcourt et al. 2013). The mean age and size at first sexual maturity for females is 5.9 and 71.1, respectively, while males reach first sexual maturity at 6 years and 72 cm (Grandcourt et al. 2013). gen length of 7 years = 21 yrs for 3 gen lengths

This pelagic, schooling species occurs in inshore waters (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Randall 1995). Its diet consists primarily of fishes, crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes (Sreenivasan 1974, Smith-Vaniz 1984) and squids (Randall 1995). The maximum total length is 80 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Spawning season is April to February with a peak from May to August. Both sexes attain maturity between 25 and 27 cm off India (Sivakami 1995). Off Pakistan, it spawns from May to June and November to February (Qamar and Panhwar 2018). Sizes at maturity have also been reported as 22 cm and 26.4 cm for females and males, respectively, (Bal and Rao 1984) and at 21 cm for both sexes (Jadhav and Mohite 2013). The age at 50% maturity for both females and males off Pakistan was estimated as 2.4 years, the size as 26.5-27 cm and a longevity of 4 years (Qamar and Panhwar 2018).

This species schools mostly in open waters and is common in insular habitats (Smith-Vaniz 1984). It is occasionally seen in small groups along reef slopes adjacent to deep water in pursuit of zooplankton (Smith-Vaniz 1995, Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001, Mundy 2005). The maximum total lengthis 35 cm, although it is common to find individuals of 25 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1986). It lives to at least five years of age (Shiraishi et al. 2010).

This species inhabits coastal waters and occasionally occurs over coral reefs (Carpenter et al. 1997a, Smith-Vaniz 1999). Juveniles have been recorded in estuaries (Ikejima et al. 2003). The maximum total lengthis 22 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1999).

This speciesoccurs near inshore coral reefs and in brackish water singly or in small groups (Smith-Vaniz 1986, Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). It apparently prefers coastal waters adjacent to sandy beaches near coral reefs, but is also found to 60 m depth (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Its diet consists mainly of benthic crustaceans and occasionally small fishes (Randall 1995). The maximum total length is 70 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).

This species inhabits open waters over coastal reefs (Lieske and Myers 1994, Smith-Vaniz 1999). Juveniles are found in inshore areas, including estuaries. It consumes small demersal fishes and epibenthic crustaceans (Smith-Vaniz 1999). The maximum total length is 77 cm and the estimated longevity is 16 years (Al-Rasady et al. 2013). This speciesis gonochoristic (Graham and Castellanos 2005). Males attain sexual maturity at 46.9 cm length and 4.7 years of age and females attain sexual maturity at 42.1 cm and 4.1 years of age (Al-Rasady et al. 2012).

This pelagic species occurs inshore in shallow coastal waters (Randall 1995), and occasionally ventures over or near coral reefs (Carpenter et al. 1997a). The maximum total length is 25 cm (Randall 1995).

This pelagic speciesoccurs in large shoals (30 to 50 individuals) (Westernhagen 1974) and is wide ranging in coastal waters (Carpenter et al. 1997b). Juveniles are solitary and reported to enter estuaries (Randall 1995). This speciesfeeds on a variety of fish species, small squids, and crustaceans (Carpenter et al. 1997b). The maximum total length is 165 cm (Lieske and Myers 1994).