This pelagic speciesschools in a variety of habitats, including rocky and coral reefs and inshore sand flats (Lieske and Myers 1994, Wetherbee et al. 2004, Mundy 2005). Adults are solitary or in schools, and juveniles occur in small schools over sandy inshore bottoms and occasionally in turbid estuaries (Blaber and Cyrus1983, Myers 1999). The presence of estuarine habitat is not necessary for this speciesto thrive (Sudekum et al. 1991). Itfeeds during the day, mostly on demersal and pelagic fishes, but also cephalopods and crustaceans (Blaber and Cyprus1983, Sudekum et al. 1991). This species forms spawning aggregations on shallow seaward reefs and offshore banks (Sudekum et al. 1991, de Silva et al. 2014).This speciesis one of the largest of the carangid fishes, measuring up to 170 cm total length (Lieske and Myers 1994). It can live to at least 20 years of age and has been recorded to 30 years of age in captivity (Friedlander and Dalzell 2004). Femalesreach maturity at approximately 60 cm and 3-4 years of age (Sudekum et al. 1991). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4 years and longevity of 20 years, its estimated generation length is 12 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This speciesoccurs in coastal, clear, open waters. Adults commonly form small aggregations over rocky reefs and are seldom observed in turbid or estuarine waters. Its diet consists of fish and crustaceans (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The maximum total length is 88 cm (Allen and Erdmann 2012).

This speciesoccurs over coral and rocky reefs over the continental shelf while juveniles are mainly found in shallow sandy bays. It is moderately tolerant of turbid waters. Itsdiet consists of crustaceans, small squids and fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The maximum total length is 60 cm (Randall et al. 1990).

This reef-associated species most commonly occurs over slightly deeper, offshore reefs (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Pereira 2000). Adults are generally solitary, while juveniles form small schools (Randall 1995). Its diet consists of small invertebrates and fishes (Carpenter et al. 1997b) and the maximum total length is 90 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).

This speciesoccurs in coastal waters near rocky and coral reefs as well as seagrass beds, and is occasionally found over offshore banks (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Gell and Whittington 2002). Itis often seen in small to large schools, but has also been observed singly. The maximum fork length is 120 cm (Torres 1991).

This benthopelagic species occurs on the continental shelf and slope and is known to frequent deep reefs (Sommer et al. 1996, Mundy 2005, Randall and Cea 2011). The maximum fork length is 50 cm.

This speciesis commonly found over deeper coastal reefs, seagrass beds and coral reefs (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Letourneur et al. 2004, Satapoomin 2011). Due to its rather sluggish nature, this species is rarely found close to the shore (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Itis generally solitary (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). The maximum total lengthis 41 cm (Allen and Erdmann 2012).

This speciesforms schools in coastal waters, including bays, mangroves, estuaries and mud flats (Paxton et al. 1989). It is occasionally observed near reefs and can form very large seasonal aggregations (Carpenter et al. 1997a). The maximum total length is 30 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984) and the size at first maturity is about 17 cm (Kasim 2003).

This speciesinhabits soft bottoms in coastal waters (Carpenter et al. 1997b), including estuaries (Kamrani et al. 2016). Its maximum total length is 21 cm (Safi et al. 2014). In Iran, the mean total length at first sexual maturity is 19.84 cm (Vahabnezhad et al. 2018).

This speciesinhabits sandy areas near coral reefs as well as on seagrass beds. It shoals in small schools and actively feeds during the day and night on fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods and polychaetes (Carpenter and Allen 1989, Dorenbosch et al. 2005). The maximum total length is 80 cm (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). This species is fast-growing and short-lived with a high natural mortality rate. In the southern Arabian Gulf, spawning occurs between June and November and the mean age and size at sexual maturity is 3 years and 27.4 cm for males and 4.8 years and 29.1 cm for females (Grandcourt et al. 2010). A study conducted in the Red Sea off Egypt reported longevity of this species as 7 years (Mehanna et al. 2017). When applying an age at first reproduction of 5 years and longevity of 7 years, its estimated generation length is 6 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.