As many as 4.75 milliongazelle may have occurred in Mongolia as recently as80 years ago (Milner-Gulland and Lkhagvasuren, 1998).Population assessments in 1978 and 1979 estimatedthe total population to consist of 250,000-270,000 and250,000 individuals respectively (Tsagaan, 1980; Sokolovand Lushchekina, 1997). Epizootic disease and extremedroughts in 1980 reduced the population to approximately150,000-180,000 individuals, but by 1981, the number ofMongolian gazelles had increased and stabilised at around300,000-400,000 individuals (Lushchekina et al., 1983).In 2002, a nationwide population assessment estimated the population to consist of 800,000-900,000 individuals (Olson et al., 2005). The population may have fl uctuated between125180,000 (Lushchekina, 1990) and 2.67 million individuals (results from an unpublished aerialsurvey with a standard error of 472,000) over the past 20 years. Population estimates varywidely due to differences in survey methodology and intensity, and as a result of populationfl uctuations casued by natural mortality and disease, therefore population estimates should betreated with caution (Milner-Gulland and Lkhagvasuren, 1998). Further surveys are requiredto clarify current population size. However, by 2000 it was known that this species occursin less than a quarter of its mid-twentieth century range (Lkhagvasuren et al., 2001). TheMongolian population is believed to be declining primarily due to exploitation, habitat lossand fragmentation, habitat degradation, competition for resources and human disturbance.Generation length has been estimated at fi ve years based on generation lengths of similarspecies. This species qualifi es as Endangered under Criterion A4cde as it is estimated thatthe causes of decline will result in a greater than 50% decline between 1996 and 2011.The assessment remains unchanged following application of regional criteria as there is nosignifi cant immigration from adjacent countries.

The population size wasestimated to consist of 50,000 individuals in 1975 and 60,000 in 1985, falling to 20,000individuals by 1994 (Reading et al., 1997), and continuing to decline to 13,000-15,000individuals by 2001 (Amgalanbaatar et al., 2002a). This represents a 72% decline over thepast 26 years (Zahler et al., 2004). Generation length has been estimated as fi ve years basedon data from Nowak (1991). This species qualifi es as Endangered under Criterion A2acde,based on observed declines of greater than 50% over the past three generations, primarily dueto exploitation, but also resulting from competition for resources and habitat loss/degradation.As the causes of decline are expected to continue over the next three generations, Ovis ammonalso qualifi es as Endangered under Criterion A3cde. The assessment remains unchangedfollowing application of regional criteria as there is no signifi cant immigration from adjacentcountries.

Between the 1940s and 1960sthe range and population size of this species declined inMongolia by 30% (Lkhagvasuren et al., 2001) and by the1990s, the population was estimated to consist of 60,000individuals (Amgalan, 1995). Exploitation is the primarycause for this population decline, but habitat degradation,competition for resources and human disturbance alsoconstitute threats to this species. Generation length hasbeen estimated as fi ve years based on data from Nowak (1991). The causes of decline areexpected to result in a population reduction of at least 30% over the next three generations,therefore Gazella subgutturosa qualifi es as Vulnerable under Criterion A3cde. The assessmentremains unchanged following application of regional criteria as there is no signifi cantimmigration from adjacent countries.

The 1987 'Mongolian RedBook' (Shagdarsuren et al., 1987) estimated the totalpopulation in Mongolia to consist of around 80,000121individuals in Mongolia, although numbers are believed to have declined since this peak(Mallon et al., 1997) due to exploitation, habitat degradation, and competition for resources.Generation length has been estimated as seven years, based on data from Nowak (1991). Atpresent the population size and distribution is large enough to warrant the categorisation ofthis species as Near Threatened. However, the population could decline by as much as 30-40% over the next three generations, primarily due to exploitation, leading to a future recategorisationunder Criterion A if conservation actions are not implemented. The assessmentremains unchanged following application of regional criteria as there is no signifi cantimmigration from adjacent countries.

Population size in Mongolia is estimated to consist of 463 mature individuals, ±92 (Adiya and Dovchindorj,2005). This taxon is currently threatened byhybridisation, disease, habitat loss, pollution, andextreme weather conditions. Generation lengthhas been estimated as 20 years based on data from Nowak (1991). Camelus bactrianus ferus qualifies as Endangered under Criterion C1 as the smallpopulation is estimated to decline by 20% over thenext two generations due to the impact of threats.The assessment remains unchanged following application of regional criteria as there is no significant immigration from adjacent countries.

No data on populationsizes are available at present, although it is knownthat threats, particularly exploitation is having a largeimpact upon this species, coupled with hybridisationand habitat degradation. Generation length has beenestimated as four years, based on data from Nowak(1991). As exploitation is known to be causing apopulation decline, when data becomes available thisspecies may be re-categorised as threatened under Criterion A. There is a small chance ofimmigration from adjacent populations of S. s. sibirica, although levels of hunting pressureon these populations are not known, therefore the assessment remains unchanged followingapplication of regional criteria.

In 2003, the population was estimated to consist of 19,000-20,000 individuals (B. Lkhagvasuren, pers. comm.), but is declining due to exploitation, a decline inreproductive rates, and habitat loss/degradation. Generation length has been estimated as tenyears, based on data from Nowak (1991). The off-take rate via illegal hunting may be as manyas 3,000 individuals per year (Wingard and Zahler, 2006). This would result in a 5% declineper year and over a 20 year period could result in a greater than 60% decline. The populationis known to have declined and a population reduction of at least 50% over the next threegenerations is inferred. Therefore this species is categorised as Endangered under CriterionA4abd. As the adjacent population in China does not appear to be expanding, the chance of any 'rescue' effect is small, so the assessment remains unchanged following application ofregional criteria.

Previously categorised as Extinct in the Wild from the 1960s untilthe most recent assessment in 1996. However, successful reintroductions at Hustai NationalPark, Tahiin Tal Nature Reserve, and Homiin Tal have qualifi ed this species for reassessment.The population now consists of greater than 250 mature individuals of which many have hadviable offspring. This species would qualify for Endangered if it were not for the fi ve yearrule which requires that a species must not meet any of the criteria of the higher category ofthreat for at least fi ve years before it can be listed in a lower category of threat. Therefore,Przewalski's horse is currently listed as Critically Endangered and if current trends continue itwill be listed as Endangered in the near future. This taxon is threatened by hybridisation withdomestic horses, loss of genetic diversity, and disease. The assessment remains unchangedfollowing application of regional criteria as there is no immigration from adjacent countries.

This taxon has a very small population, currently estimated to bebetween 25 and 40 individuals (Batsaikhan et al., 2004b). Population size is believed to haveremained relatively stable since the 1970s, but low reproductive rates, the potential effects ofinbreeding, and extreme environmental conditions continue to constitute severe threats. Asthe population consists of fewer than 50 mature individuals, this taxon qualifi es as CriticallyEndangered under Criterion D. The assessment remains unchanged following application ofregional criteria as this taxon is believed to be endemic to Mongolia.

Inadequateinformation on distribution, population sizeand trends, or the impact of threats.