This species prefers sandy or muddy coasts, where its is found in brackish or freshwater lakes and marshes, as well as along tidal creeks (Richardson 1990, Aspinall and Porter 2011). It also occurs near water treatment plants or ponds further inland (Richardson 1990). There is no information available about its diet in the UAE. Elsewhere, it feeds predominantly on salt-water molluscs as well as other aquatic invertebrates (e.g. insects, crustaceans and worms), small fish, fish spawn and plant material (e.g. algae, seeds and agricultural grain) (del Hoyo et al. 1992, Kear 2005). Individuals occurring in the UAE are migratory and breed mainly in southern central Asia. Especially during the non-breeding season, the species is gregarious and occurs in small groups (Richardson 1990, Kear 2005).

This species occurs on arid and semi-arid rocky slopes and hillsides with low vegetation cover and occasional stunted trees and bushes (Watson 1962, Papaevangelou 1980, Jennings 2010, Aspinall and Porter 2011). It is found mainly between 500 and 1,500 m, but ranges down to 200 m during foraging trips, when it also occurs on agricultural land (Pantelis 1980, Papaevangelou 1980, Serez 1992, Khan et al. 2009, Aspinall and Porter 2011). There is little known about the diet of the species in the UAE, but individuals in Musandam (Oman) have been observed feeding on berries (Jennings 2010). Elsewhere in the Middle East, the species also takes seeds of grasses and weeds, leaves and insects (Jennings 2010). Availability of water influences population density, even though birds will move up to 10 km to access water (Watson 1962), and likely limits a range expansion in eastern Arabia (Jennings 2010). There is no information available on the breeding behaviour of the species in the UAE. In Musandam (Oman), nests were made of twigs and placed in shallow depressions on gravelly ground, hidden under bushes at the edge of cultivated or grassy fields (Jennings 2010). These nests contained eggs in February and March, while juveniles were recorded in June (Jennings 2010). It is unclear if there is competition for feeding sources and nesting sites with Sand Partridge Ammoperdix heyi (Jennings 2010).

This species occurs in arid environments on desolate rocky and stony hillsides, in wadis and cliffs (Jennings 2010, Aspinall and Porter 2011). It requires some vegetation cover and is thus rarely found in sandy places (Jennings 2010). While it is able to persist without water for long periods, it readily visits water sources when available, where flocks of up to 70 individuals may congregate (Jennings 2010). During the hottest time of the day, it hides in shady places under rocks and vegetation, and is only active around sunrise and sunset (Jennings 2010). The species is intolerant of any disturbance and very shy; thus it generally avoids proximity to humans and only occasionally visits open, cultivated landscapes for foraging (Jennings 2010). It feeds mainly on insects, but may also take leaves, fruits and even human food scraps (Jennings 2010). There is not much known about its breeding biology. In spring, males occupy and aggressively defend territories, and pairs are forming (Jennings 2010). It is assumed that nests are hidden in rock crevices, and clutches contain up to 15 eggs (Jennings 2010). While in central Arabia, adults with chicks have mostly been observed from March to July, records of small chicks from Oman in August suggest that also the population in the UAE might breed fairly late (Jennings 2010). It is likely that males and females raise separate broods (Jennings 2010).

The Reticulate Whipray is often found near sandy beaches, in sandy areas of coral reefs, in shallow estuaries and lagoons, and may even enter freshwater (Vaudo and Heithaus 2009, Gutteridge 2012). This species also occurs offshore to depths of at least 50 m (White et al. 2006). Tracking data for the Reticulate Whipray suggests that within sandy, shallow water areas, the species is a highly resident mesopredator, though the home range for individuals can be relatively restricted (Vaudo and Heithaus 2012). Himanura species exhibit a strong association with shallow waters of the western region where complex habitats such as coral assemblages and seagrass beds are most prevalent (Last et al. 2016 Rays of the World book). Its reproductive mode is viviparous with histotrophy. This species reaches 160 cm disc width (DW) (Last and Stevens 2009). Males mature at 82-84 cm DW and size at birth is 21-28 cm DW (Manjaji 2004, White et al. 2006, White and Dharmadi 2007). Fecundity is assumed to be low, as a single pregnant female observed possessed two embryos (B.M. Manjaji-Matsumoto pers. obs.).As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as 20 years based on data for the congener, the Blackspotted Whipray (Himantura astra). Female Blackspotted Whiprays are reported to have a maximum age of 29 years and an age at maturity of nine years (Jacobsen and Bennett 2011). These were used to calculate a generation length of 19 years based on the equation: generation length = (((29-9)/2)+9). The maximum size of the Reticulate Whipray is considerably larger (~160 cm DW) than that of the Blackspotted Whipray (80 cm DW), so it is possible the generation length of the Reticulate Whipray is greater than 20 years.

The Longhead Eagle Ray occurs primarily inshore on the inner continental shelf, and is associated with estuarine habitats (Last et al. 2016), especially where it occurs in the Arabian Gulf (Bishop et al. 2016). It attains a maximum size of 90 cm disc width (DW) with males mature at 50 cm DW and females at 75 cm DW (White and Moore 2013). Size at birth is unknown but the smallest free-swimming individual examined was 23 cm DW. Little else is known of the biology of this species. However, it is suspected to exhibit low fecundity as with other myliobatids which bear litters of up to four offspring (Compagno and Last 1999). As there is no information on this species' maximum age and age at maturity, generation length was inferred as ~15 years based on data for the Bat Ray (Myliobatis californicus) which are reported to have a maximum age of 24 years and an age at maturity of five years (Martin and Cailliet 1988). However, it is noted that the Longhead Eagle Ray reaches a smaller maximum size than this species.

The Spadenose Shark is common in coastal and estuarine waters, preferring muddy and sandy substrates at depths up to 80 m. It attains a maximum size of 91 cm total length (TL) and males mature at 24-36 cm TL and females at 33-35.8 cm TL (Devadoss 1979, Compagno et al. 2005, Sen et al. 2018). Breeding occurs throughout the year (Devadoss 1979) and females probably mate at least once each year. This shark is placentally viviparous, with arguably the most advanced reproductive mode of the elasmobranchs. Litter sizes range from 6-20, with a mean of 13 (Devadoss 1979). Young are born throughout the year, with size at birth around 12-15 cm TL, after a gestation period of five or six months (Compagno et al. 2005). Age and growth data are limited, but the generation length is estimated at about 3.75 years (Nair 1976, Compagno et al. 2005).

The Giant Devil Ray is mostly oceanic, but is also known to occur in coastal waters (Last et al. 2016). This species reaches a maximum size 520 cm disc width (DW) with males mature around 198-205 cm DW and females around 236 cm DW (Weigmann 2016, Last et al. 2016). As is the case with other members of the genus, this species is livebearing and histotrophic, with embryonic nutrition supplied from a protein- and lipid-rich histotroph from highly developed trophonemata. A single, relatively large pup is produced per litter (Compagno and Last 1999, White et al. 2006b). Intrinsically, Manta and Mobula rays have among the lowest productivity of any chondrichthyan due to their large size, low fecundity, and late age at maturity (Pardo et al. 2016). Long resting periods may account for extended reproductive cycles in mobulid species. The generation length of this species is suspected to be around 20 years, based on the Reef Manta Ray (Manta alfredi), which reaches a similar size, is 25 years (Marshall et al. 2009).

Little is known about this species' habitats, but it is presumed to occur over soft substrates. A male was mature at 50 cm total length (TL) and three adult females were 58-60 cm TL (Last et al. 2016a), indicating this is a small species. There are no reproductive or age data available. Generation length is inferred to be 5 years from the Lesser Guitarfish (Acroteriobatus annulatus) from southern Africa (Compagno et al. 1989).

This species is very common in shallow and intertidal waters over soft substrates mostly to 30 m, but occasionally 40 m (K.V. Akhilesh pers. comm. 05/02/2017). It is a very small species, only growing to 32 cm disc width (DW). Data from the H. imbricata form show that males mature about 18 cm DW and females by at least 23 cm DW (Moore et al. 2012). It is born at 7-10 cm DW (Last et al. 2016). No data on litter size is available, but given the small size, it is likely to be low. Similarly, no data on frequency of breeding or on ageing are available. Generation length is estimated from the similar-sized Speckled Maskray (Neotrygon picta) from Australia that matures at 3-4 years and reaches a maximum age of 18 years, yielding a generation length of ~11 years (Jacobsen and Bennett 2010).