This coastal species is generally found in small schools (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Sommer et al. 1996). The diet of adults consists mainly of fishes, while juveniles feed on the scales and epidermal tissues of other fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The maximum total length is 60 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1986).

Thiscoastal species inhabits shallow lagoons, seaward reefs and neritic waters over sandstone with coral, mud, and sand and over offshore areas to depths of 100 m (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Lieske and Myers 1994, De Bruin et al. 1994). It can also occur in estuaries (Blaber and Cyrus 1983). This speciesoccurs singly or in small schools (Randall 1995). The adult diet consists of fishes and small crustaceans and juveniles feed on the scales and epidermal tissues of other fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1984).The maximum total length is 110 cm (Daget and Smith-Vaniz 1986).

This coastal, pelagic species occasionally enters estuaries. Itgenerally swims in small schools near reefs and offshore islands andfeeds during the day on fishes and cephalopods (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Randall 1995). The maximum total length is 120 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The size at first maturity for females is estimated to be 47.6 cm fork length and 3 years of age, while males attain first maturity at 38.5 cm between 2-3 years (Griffiths et al. 2005). Longevity is estimated to be at least 11 years (Griffiths et al. 2006). Spawning occurs between March and June off Abu Dhabi (Grandcourt et al. 2013). The mean age and size at first sexual maturity for females is 5.9 and 71.1, respectively, while males reach first sexual maturity at 6 years and 72 cm (Grandcourt et al. 2013). gen length of 7 years = 21 yrs for 3 gen lengths

This pelagic species forms large schools in continental shelf waters over soft bottom (Smith-Vaniz 1999, Carpenter et al. 1997b). Itgenerally occurs near the bottom during the day and swims to the surface at night to feed on zooplankton (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Its maximum total length is 55 cm, but commonly occurs to 30 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1999). In the Gulf, females spawn about every three days during season (Dadzie and Abou-Seedo 2008).Standard length at first sexual maturity is 15 cm for males and 20 cm for females (Dadzie et al. 2008). Dadzie et al. (2007) estimated natural mortality as 0.68. It has been aged to at least 6 years in Iranian waters of the Sea of Oman (Yadollahvand and Rahnama 2014)

This pelagic, schooling species occurs in inshore waters (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Randall 1995). Its diet consists primarily of fishes, crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes (Sreenivasan 1974, Smith-Vaniz 1984) and squids (Randall 1995). The maximum total length is 80 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Spawning season is April to February with a peak from May to August. Both sexes attain maturity between 25 and 27 cm off India (Sivakami 1995). Off Pakistan, it spawns from May to June and November to February (Qamar and Panhwar 2018). Sizes at maturity have also been reported as 22 cm and 26.4 cm for females and males, respectively, (Bal and Rao 1984) and at 21 cm for both sexes (Jadhav and Mohite 2013). The age at 50% maturity for both females and males off Pakistan was estimated as 2.4 years, the size as 26.5-27 cm and a longevity of 4 years (Qamar and Panhwar 2018).

This pelagic species occurs inshore and over rocky reefs, deep lagoons and seaward reefs (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Mundy 2005). Juveniles often occurs in estuaries (Mundy 2005). Both juveniles and adult are occasionally seen over sandy areas where they root for crustaceans, molluscs and small fish (Carpenter et al. 1997b). Small juveniles may live among the tentacles of jellyfish (Lieske and Myers 1994). The mean total length at first maturity for females in the Gulf is 32.5 cm. This speciesspawns during April and May (Grandcourt et al. 2004). Spawning occurs during the Spring season in UAE waters and the mean fork length at first maturity is about 34.5 cm with an age at first maturity of 1.43 years and an estimated longevity of 11 years (Farrag et al. 2019). When applying an age at first reproduction of 1.43 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 6.2 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2. The maximum total length is 120 cm (Randall 1995).

This species schools mostly in open waters and is common in insular habitats (Smith-Vaniz 1984). It is occasionally seen in small groups along reef slopes adjacent to deep water in pursuit of zooplankton (Smith-Vaniz 1995, Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001, Mundy 2005). The maximum total lengthis 35 cm, although it is common to find individuals of 25 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1986). It lives to at least five years of age (Shiraishi et al. 2010).

This pelagic speciesschools in a variety of habitats, including rocky and coral reefs and inshore sand flats (Lieske and Myers 1994, Wetherbee et al. 2004, Mundy 2005). Adults are solitary or in schools, and juveniles occur in small schools over sandy inshore bottoms and occasionally in turbid estuaries (Blaber and Cyrus1983, Myers 1999). The presence of estuarine habitat is not necessary for this speciesto thrive (Sudekum et al. 1991). Itfeeds during the day, mostly on demersal and pelagic fishes, but also cephalopods and crustaceans (Blaber and Cyprus1983, Sudekum et al. 1991). This species forms spawning aggregations on shallow seaward reefs and offshore banks (Sudekum et al. 1991, de Silva et al. 2014).This speciesis one of the largest of the carangid fishes, measuring up to 170 cm total length (Lieske and Myers 1994). It can live to at least 20 years of age and has been recorded to 30 years of age in captivity (Friedlander and Dalzell 2004). Femalesreach maturity at approximately 60 cm and 3-4 years of age (Sudekum et al. 1991). When applying an age at first reproduction of 4 years and longevity of 20 years, its estimated generation length is 12 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This speciesoccurs in coastal, clear, open waters. Adults commonly form small aggregations over rocky reefs and are seldom observed in turbid or estuarine waters. Its diet consists of fish and crustaceans (Smith-Vaniz 1984). The maximum total length is 88 cm (Allen and Erdmann 2012).

This species inhabits coastal waters and occasionally occurs over coral reefs (Carpenter et al. 1997a, Smith-Vaniz 1999). Juveniles have been recorded in estuaries (Ikejima et al. 2003). The maximum total lengthis 22 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1999).