This species inhabits bays and estuaries over grass beds and sandy areas (Relyea 1981). Juveniles form large shoals in midwater, while adults form smaller schools near the bottom (Randall 1995). The maximum total length is about 35 cm, commonly to 30 cm (Senou 2001).

This species inhabits coral reefs or bays, and is generally observed during the day in large schools on coastal reefs. On reefs of Kuwait, it is occasionally observed in small aggregations well above the bottom (Carpenter et al. 1997a). It can also occur in mangrove habitats (Burt et al. 2017). The maximum total length is 60 cm, commonly to 40 cm (Senou 2001).

This species occurs in shallow waters over hard substrata, including coral and rocky reefs (Woodland 1984, Randall 1995). Adults occur singly or in small groups, while juveniles have been observed in large numbers. The maximum total length is 30 cm (Sommer et al. 1996).

This speciesinhabits soft bottoms in coastal waters (Carpenter et al. 1997b), including estuaries (Kamrani et al. 2016). Its maximum total length is 21 cm (Safi et al. 2014). In Iran, the mean total length at first sexual maturity is 19.84 cm (Vahabnezhad et al. 2018).

This speciesoccurs in large schools and is common near inshore reefs and open sand patches, sometimes in moderately turbid water (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Thomas et al. 2012). Itsdiet consists of shrimps, copepods, larvae of decapod crustaceans and small fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Sexual maturity is reached between 17 and 18.9 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Kasim 2003) and the maximum total length is 40 cm (Heemstra 1995). Spawning takes place in December and September with recruitment in June and March (Kasim 2003).

This species inhabits nearshore and offshore coral reefs, coralline lagoons, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, coastal sand and rock areas to depths of 75 m (Carpenter and Allen 1989). It is occasionally observed in small aggregations (Randall 1995), but adults typically occur singly. It primarily consumes molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms and less often polychaetes and fishes (Carpenter and Allen 1989). The maximum total length is 87 cm (Assadi and Dehghani 1997). This species undergoes a protogynous sex change that occurs over a wide range of year groups starting with age 1, well before maturity (McPherson et al. 1985). Longevity is estimated to be 14-26 years (Mathews and Samuel 1991, Edwards and Shaher 1991, Dalzell et al. 1996, Grandcourt 2006, Ebisawa and Ozawa 2009). Off the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, the age of 50% ovarian maturity was 4 years (Ebisawa and Ozawa 2009). This species forms spawning aggregations (Salem 1999). In the southern Arabian Gulf, spawning occurs between April to May, the mean size and age at first sexual maturity for males and females to be 19.4 cm and 0.5 years for males and 28.9 cm and 2.7 years for females, and maximum age was 11 years (Grandcourt et al. 2006 and 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 3 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 7 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This speciesinhabits sandy areas near coral reefs as well as on seagrass beds. It shoals in small schools and actively feeds during the day and night on fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods and polychaetes (Carpenter and Allen 1989, Dorenbosch et al. 2005). The maximum total length is 80 cm (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). This species is fast-growing and short-lived with a high natural mortality rate. In the southern Arabian Gulf, spawning occurs between June and November and the mean age and size at sexual maturity is 3 years and 27.4 cm for males and 4.8 years and 29.1 cm for females (Grandcourt et al. 2010). A study conducted in the Red Sea off Egypt reported longevity of this species as 7 years (Mehanna et al. 2017). When applying an age at first reproduction of 5 years and longevity of 7 years, its estimated generation length is 6 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits coastal, sandy areas, coral reefs, and deep lagoons to depths of 50 m. It primarily consumescrustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, polychaetes and fishes (Sato and Walker 1984, Carpenter and Allen 1989). This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite and exhibits a protracted spawning season (Currey et al. 2013). In some areas, particularly Thailand, this species has been observed forming spawning aggregations (Tamelander et al. 2008). This is a fast-growing, short-lived species with high natural mortality. A study conducted in the southern Arabian Gulf reported its maximum age as 11 years, spawning occurs from April to June, and mean age and size at sexual maturity was 1.8 years and 24.6 cm for males and 2.4 years and 27.7 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2.5 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 6.75 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This marine species inhabits the sandy bottoms of seagrass beds and on or near coral reefs at depths of 1 to 40 m (Carpenter 1989, Khalaf et al. 2012). During the day, it is found to a depth of 40 m, occasionally occurring in small groups; however, at night, itis solitary and found over reef-flats and slopes as shallow as 1 m in depth. Itsdiet consists of echinoderms, mollusks and crustaceans. The maximum total length is 40 cm (Carpenter and Allen 1989). A study conducted in the southern Arabian Gulf, reported a maximum age of 9 years, spawning occurs from March to June, it is a short-lived, fast growing species with a high natural mortality rate, and the mean age and size at sexual maturity was 2 years and 22.1 cm for males and 1.3 years and 21.3 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 9 years, its estimated generation length is 5.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This pelagic species occurs mainly near the surface, over reefs and sometimes offshore (Berry 1969). It may form large schools and prey items include invertebrates and fish. The maximum size is 107 cm fork length, but is common to 80 cm (Smith-Vaniz 2002). Its depth range is 1-150 m (Lieske and Myers 1994). Spawning is thought to occur throughout the year in the Indo-Pacific and Western Atlantic (Okiyama 1970, Aprieto 1974, Yesaki 1979).