This species schools in shallow, coastal waters to 40 m depth (Woodland 1984). It usually observed on rocky and sandy seaweed bottoms (Carpenter et al. 1997a), in and around the mouths of rivers in turbulent waters (Woodland 2001), and on hard-bottom structures (E. Abdulqader pers. comm. 2014). School size decreases with age, and juveniles often occur in very large schools in shallow bays and coral reef flats. This species feeds by scraping algae from rocks and corals, and to a lesser extent on seagrasses (Woodland 1984, 2001). The maximum total length is 30 cm (Randall 1995). Spawning appears to be synchronized with the lunar cycle and it is a multiple spawner (Hoque et al. 1999). Longevity is estimated as 7.8 years off UAE and mean size and age at first sexual maturity are 21.5 cm fork length and 1.9 years for males and 25.7 cm and 2.1 years for females (Grandcourt et al. 2007). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 8 years, its estimated generation length is 5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits coastal rocky and coral reefs (Carpenter et al. 1997). Juveniles also inhabit mangrove areas (Shahraki and Fry 2016). Its maximum total length is 83 cm.

This speciesinhabits shallow, coastal coral reefs and isolated coral heads of lagoons. It forms schools around isolated patch reefs. Juveniles generally occur in weedy areas (Smith and McKay 1986, Baillon and Kulbicki 1988, Wantiez and Kulbicki 1995). This species also occurs over mud, sand and silt bottoms in protected bays or estuaries, around outcrops, wreckage and debris (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001, Allen and Erdmann 2012). It primarily consumes benthic invertebrates and fish (McKay 1984). The maximum fork length is 100 cm (Torres 1991). This species spawns between April to May and November in the southern Arabian Gulf (Grandcourt et al. 2006, 2011). Natural mortality was estimated at 0.13 year^-1 (Grandcourt et al. 2006). Estimated mean female fork length and age at first sexual maturity is 35.7 cm and 2.9 years for females and 26.7 cm and 0.5 years for males and longevity is about 11 years (Grandcourt et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 3 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 7 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits shallow waters over sandy bottoms, from coral reefs to seagrasses and brackish waters (Sommer et al. 1996). Adults are most often found in clear coastal waters, and juveniles are often observed in estuaries or lagoons influenced by freshwater (Iwatsuki et al. 2001). The species occurs singly or in groups and consumes small benthic invertebrates (Lieske and Myers 1994, Iwatsuki et al. 2001). Its maximum total length is 44.5 cm (Randall 1995, Allen and Erdmann 2012) and longevity is 9 years (Hashim and Salamah 1985). This species grows quickly. Off the UAE, the mean size and age at first sexual maturity is 16.3 cm and 1.1 years for males and 20.6 cm and 1.5 years for females (Grandcourt et al. 2006). In a study conducted in the Gulf off Saudi Arabia, size at first sexual maturity was 19.1 and 19.8 cm total length for females and males, and spawning occurred in late spring-early summer (Hosny and Al-Jaber 2017). When applying an age at first reproduction of 1.5 years and longevity of 9 years, its estimated generation length is 5.25 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species forms small, demersal schools over the continental shelf (Paxton et al. 1989). The diet consists of epibenthic crustaceans and cephalopods (Myers 1999). The maximum fork length is 28 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).

This speciesinhabits shallow, coastal waters near reefs and primarily feeds on crustaceans and fishes. The maximum total length is 100 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).

This species schools in inshore coral and rocky reefs (Grandcourt et al. 2004). It feeds on nekton, crustaceans and finfish (Blaber et al. 1990, Masuda and Allen 1993). The estimated total length at first maturity for females is 24.7 cm and it spawns between May and September, with main spawning activity during June and September (Grandcourt et al. 2004). The maximum fork lengthis 55 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).

This pelagic-neritic species schools in coastal tropical waters to a depth of 50 m. It is also known to enter rivers in southern Iran (Coad 2017). Its maximum standard length is 17 cm, but is more common to 14 cm (Whitehead 1985). Off Qeshm Island, Iran, the maximum age is 3.5 years. Thisis a fast-growing species with a short life span (Dehghani et al. 2015).

This pelagic, reef-associated species occurs in tropical waters between 10 to 70 m depth (Pauly et al. 1996, FAO-FIGIS 2005). It forms schools in coastal inshore waters, including estuaries and mangrove areas (Sousa and Dias 1981, Fischer et al. 1990, Shahraki et al. 2016). Its diet mainly consists of crustaceans and phytoplankton (Lazarus 1977). Its maximum standard length is 17 cm (Whitehead 1985) and the maximum reported age is 7 years (Sanders and Morgan 1989). The average size at first maturity has been reported as 13.7 cm (Bennet et al. 1992).

This coastal, pelagic species occurs in tropical marine waters. Its maximum standard length is 15.2 cm (Nelson and McCarthy 1995).